Arachidonic Acid in Human Milk

Salem, Norman; Dael, Peter Van

doi:10.3390/nu12030626

Cited by 34 publications

(25 citation statements)

References 88 publications

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“…Arachidonic acid (ARA) is a precursor of eicosanoids including leukotrienes (mediators of the immune response), prostaglandins (intracellular effectors), thromboxanes (which regulate vascular tone) and endocannabinoids [57,58]. ARA is the most predominant long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid in human milk, albeit at low concentrations compared to other FAs.…”

Section: Fatty Acids Composition In Mammals' Milkmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It was shown that ARA plays an important role in physiological development and its related functions during early life nutrition. Therefore, ARA is an important nutrient during infancy and childhood and, as such, appropriate attention is required regarding its nutritional status and presence in the infant diet [58].…”

Section: Fatty Acids Composition In Mammals' Milkmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Comparison of Nutritional Value of Human Milk with Other Mammals’ Milk

2020

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(1) Background: The variation in the concentration of different components found in milk depends on mammalian species, genetic, physiological, nutritional factors, and environmental conditions. Here, we analyse, for the first time, the content of different components (cholesterol concentration and fatty acids composition as well as the overall fat and mineral content determined using the same analytical methods) in milk of different mammal species. (2) Methods: The samples (n = 52) of human, cow, sheep, goat and mare milk were analyzed in triplicate for: cholesterol concentration, fatty acids profile and fat and mineral content (calcium, magnesium, sodium, potassium, iron, zinc). (3) Results: The highest fat content was reported in sheep milk (7.10 ± 3.21 g/dL). The highest cholesterol concentration was observed in bovine (20.58 ± 4.21 mg/dL) and sheep milk (17.07 ± 1.18 mg/dL). The saturated fatty acids were the lowest in human milk (46.60 ± 7.88% of total fatty acids). Goat milk had the highest zinc (0.69 ± 0.17 mg/dL), magnesium (17.30 ± 2.70 mg/dL) and potassium (183.60 ± 17.20 mg/dL) content. Sheep milk had the highest sodium (52.10 ± 3.20 mg/dL) and calcium (181.70 ± 17.20 mg/dL) concentration values. (4) Conclusions: The differences in nutritional value of milk could be perceived as a milk profile marker, helping to choose the best food for human nutrition.

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Section: Fatty Acids Composition In Mammals' Milkmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Fatty Acids Composition In Mammals' Milkmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Comparison of Nutritional Value of Human Milk with Other Mammals’ Milk

2020

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“…Lower breastmilk DHA concentrations were observed in Pakistan, rural South Africa, Canada, the Netherlands, and France (between 0.06% and 0.14%), especially in inland regions or in developed countries, where low marine food consumption is observed [ 104 ]. A recent review reports that ARA is detected in animal and human milk, with its content being linked to maternal ARA dietary intake [ 120 ]. Interestingly, several recent works report the presence of free and esterified ARA, EPA, and DHA-derived oxylipins in human milk [ 121 , 122 , 123 ].…”

Section: Pufas and Brain Developmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Overall, the mechanistic data brought by animal studies further support the need for LC PUFA for optimal brain development. Concerning post-natal periods, breast milk remains the gold standard, as it provides both ARA and DHA [ 120 ]. Concerning infant formulae, the amount of ARA and DHA to be added is still a matter of debate, as recently reviewed [ 219 ].…”

Section: Mechanisms Of Action Of Pufas On Neurodevelopmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Perinatal Dietary Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids in Brain Development, Role in Neurodevelopmental Disorders

et al. 2021

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n-3 and n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) are essential fatty acids that are provided by dietary intake. Growing evidence suggests that n-3 and n-6 PUFAs are paramount for brain functions. They constitute crucial elements of cellular membranes, especially in the brain. They are the precursors of several metabolites with different effects on inflammation and neuron outgrowth. Overall, long-chain PUFAs accumulate in the offspring brain during the embryonic and post-natal periods. In this review, we discuss how they accumulate in the developing brain, considering the maternal dietary supply, the polymorphisms of genes involved in their metabolism, and the differences linked to gender. We also report the mechanisms linking their bioavailability in the developing brain, their transfer from the mother to the embryo through the placenta, and their role in brain development. In addition, data on the potential role of altered bioavailability of long-chain n-3 PUFAs in the etiologies of neurodevelopmental diseases, such as autism, attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder, and schizophrenia, are reviewed.

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“…Literature data often report that n −3 fatty acids such as DHA are modulated by diet whereas n 6 fatty acids, like ARA, are not ( 28 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Docosahexanoic Acid: From the Maternal-Fetal Dyad to Early Life Toward Metabolomics

et al. 2020

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Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) is an essential ω-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid (LCPUFA) and represents the dominant structural fatty acid in the retina and in the brain's gray matter. Due to its active participation in the development of the nervous system, DHA is one of the most studied LCPUFA and is currently considered a critical nutrient during pregnancy and breastfeeding. Increasing evidence in literature suggests that an adequate concentration of DHA is required from the fetal stage through to early life to ensure optimal neurological development. Likewise, many studies in literature demonstrated that an adequate supply of DHA during pregnancy and lactation is essential to promote proper brain development in utero and in early life. Daily supplementation of DHA in newborns has potentially stronger effects compared to maternal supplementation during pregnancy. Supplementation initiated in the second year of life in children born preterm did not result in global cognitive development improvements. Preliminary findings arising from metabolomics has reported that mother's milk and infant formula supplementation of Vitamin D associated with DHA results in a higher antioxidant and protective action, with a possible positive influence on renal function and body fat on preterm infants compared to those receiving only vitamin D. Recent applications of metabolomic studies on newborns may lead to a better understanding of the metabolic process linked to early nutrition and, subsequently, to the development of targeted and personalized nutritional strategies.

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Arachidonic Acid in Human Milk

Cited by 34 publications

References 88 publications

The Comparison of Nutritional Value of Human Milk with Other Mammals’ Milk

The Comparison of Nutritional Value of Human Milk with Other Mammals’ Milk

Perinatal Dietary Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids in Brain Development, Role in Neurodevelopmental Disorders

The Docosahexanoic Acid: From the Maternal-Fetal Dyad to Early Life Toward Metabolomics

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