Apoptotic with Double-Staining Test, P53, and Cyclooxygenase-2 to Proliferation Colon Cancer Cell (WiDr) of Dolichol in Three Mangrove Leaves

Abstract

BACKGROUND: Mangroves secondary metabolites are mostly consisting of sterols, ubiquinones, isoprenoids, and polyisoprenoids. Polyisoprenoid is divided into two types, namely, polyprenol and dolichol, which has been reported to have biological and pharmacological activities.
 AIM: This research was aimed to analyze apoptosis 48 h with double staining and immunocytochemistry (ICC) 48 h of P53 and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) gene expression from chemical constituents of dolichol in three mangrove leaves of Ceriops tagal, Nypa fruticans, and Rhizophora mucronata.
 METHODS: Apoptosis with the double-staining method was employed to analyze the genes expression in growth and development of cancer cells, P53, and COX-2 with ICC and flow cytometry method. The data were statistically analyzed using one-way ANOVA parametric statistical analysis followed by Duncan’s test.
 RESULTS: The result revealed that the increased apoptosis of samples C. tagal was 70% fluorescence orange, while N. fruticans and R. mucronata were 35% and 30% fluorescence orange, respectively. However, it was compared with the positive control; it produced orange fluorescent as much as 75%, suggesting that C. tagal have a position similar to 5-FU. Predominance dolichol in N. fruticans and C. tagal leaves led the expression gene of p53 to have 1.57% M1 phase, indicating the domination in G0-G1 phase (70–80%). Inhibit the expression for 48 h in p53 and COX-2 showing that n-hexane extract of C. tagal had the most percentage (80.733 ± 0.11%) to upregulate the p53 and less percentage (20.16 ± 1.19%) to downregulate the COX-2, indicating positive extract belong to N. fruticans and R. mucronata leaves.
 CONCLUSION: The present study confirmed the pharmacological properties of dolichol from three mangrove leaves as an anticancer of tumor suppressor genes and significantly proliferated of cancer cell growth from mangrove leaves.

Provision of Chicken Manure and Urea Fertilizer on the Chemical Characteristics of Ultisol Soil in Bilah Barat District

“…From the results of the mean difference test in Table 1, it is known that the application of Urea fertilizer at the level of U1 (0.25 g Urea) significantly increased soil pH compared to U2 (0.50 g Urea) which increased from (4.64) to (4 ,70) but when compared with U0 (0 g Urea) it was not significantly different. The results of the analysis of diversity in Table 1 show that the application of urea fertilizer and chicken manure did not significantly affect the pH acidity of the Ultisol soil, this was due to the urea fertilizer reacting acidly on Ultisol soil so that the application of chicken manure which would increase the pH did not react to Ultisol soil because the Ultisol soil is also slightly acidic this is in accordance with (Istiqomah et al, 2020), which is clayey, the reaction of the soil is slightly acidic to slightly alkaline, the nutrient content and reserves are relatively moderate, and the cation exchange capacity of the soil is moderate to high, according to Sebayang research. et al, (2021) which stated that in the treatment of tillage, chicken manure and N fertilizer and their interactions had no significant effect on pH H2O.…”

Current Status, Distribution, and Future Directions of Natural Products against Colorectal Cancer in Indonesia: A Systematic Review

“…According to the previous investigation, the increased level of the polyisoprenoid dose was able to provide a significantly increased percentage of p53 expression [ 48 ]. In addition, polyisoprenoid also has the potential to inhibit colorectal cancer cell metastasis through blockade of COX-2 expression [ 40 , 52 ]. It seems that colorectal cancer in Indonesia is still far beyond common understanding and more gene expression studies are needed to reveal the heterogeneous mechanisms of its process.…”

“…MTT assay ; MTS assay [48][49][50]; WST assay [26]; SRB assay [51]; apoptosis with double staining method [34,45,47,52]; cell cycle analysis [53] gene expression analysis [36,37]; mitochondrial membrane potential Ψm (MMP), cytochrome c release analysis and NFkB translocation [49]; caspase activity and inhibitor assays [49]; protein extraction, protein array and western blotting analyses [49]; computational molecular docking and statistical analyses [45,50] HT-29 [24,49,50,54]; HCT-15 [26,27,43]; Colo205 [48]; WiDr [28,[30][31][32]34,[36][37][38][39][40][41][42]44,45,53]; HCT-116 [29,33,35,46,47,51]; CaCo-2 [49] Catechin 7-O-apiofuranoside and didesmethyl tocotrienol…”