Anaesthetic properties of ketamine in chicks stressed with hydrogen peroxide

Abstract

ABSTRACT:The goal of this study was to examine the effect of oxidative stress (OS) induced with hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ) on the anaesthetic properties of ketamine in seven and 14 day-old broiler chicks. Spectrophotometric analysis revealed that H 2 O 2 (0.5%) induced OS through significant inhibition of glutathione (GSH) and elevation of malondialdehyde (MDA) concentrations in the brain of chicks in comparison to control (tap water) group. The hypnotic and analgesic median effective doses (ED 50s ) decreased by 44% and 19%, respectively, in the stressed group compared to control group of chicks. On the other hand, the acute toxicity of ketamine increased through decreasing the acute median lethal dose (LD 50 ) (22%) in stressed chicks as determined by the up-anddown method. Injection of multiple ketamine doses at 10, 20 and 40 mg/kg, i.m. produced hypnotic effects for both groups of chicks depending on the dose, whereas H 2 O 2 caused an increase in ketamine hypnotic efficacy in comparison to the control group. In the same manner, the antinociceptive effect of ketamine increased in the stressed chicks that underwent electrostimulation for pain induction. Both AST and ALT concentrations in the plasma were significantly elevated in the stressed group when compared to the control group. The results of this study suggest that H 2 O 2 -induced OS modifies the anaesthetic properties of ketamine in chicks by increasing its efficacy and acute toxicity probably through its pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic interactions; thus, care must be taken when stressed animals are undergoing anaesthesia with ketamine.Keywords: ketamine; anaesthesia; hypnosis; oxidative stress; H 2 O 2 Ketamine is a short acting non-barbiturate anaesthetic agent used widely in human and veterinary medicine to produce anaesthesia that is characterized by good hypnosis and analgesia with weak muscle relaxation (Finkel et al. 2009;White and Trevor 2009). Ketamine produces its hypnotic and analgesic effects through its antagonistic effect on N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors causing a decrease in the calcium conductance in the neurons resulting in central nervous system (CNS) depression (Finkel et al. 2009;White and Trevor 2009). Several previous studies have used the powerful oxidant agent H 2 O 2 for induction of OS in laboratory animals such as rabbits, rats and chicks (Wohaieb et al. 1994;Mohammad et al. 1999; Mousa and Mohammad 2012a); further, it is known that OS modulates the pharmacological response to centrally acting sedatives and analgesics in chicks (Mousa and Mohammad 2012a). H 2 O 2 induces OS through its ability to elevate the reactive oxygen species and free radical formation in the body tissue especially in the CNS (Pastore et al. 2003;Watt et al. 2004;Sayre et al. 2008) as well as facilitating oxidative damage that affects the blood-brain barrier (Lochhead et al. 2010) which increase the permeability of materials and drugs. The goal of this study was to induce OS in chicks with H 2 O 2 and to examine its impact on the anaesth...

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