Effect of nefopam in normal chickens and its relationship to hydrogen peroxide-induced oxidative stress

Abstract

The objective designated to discover the analgesic effect of nefopam in the normal (non-stressed) chickens and its possible alteration due to hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)induced oxidative stress (OS) in 7-14 day old chickens. The analgesia of nefopam has been increased by 47% in the stressed chickens by measuring the analgesic Median Effective Dose (ED50) value. This value was 9.10 mg/kg, IM in the normal chickens where it became 4.80 mg/kg, IM in stressed chickens. There is a significant rise in the antinociceptive action of nefopam 18 mg/kg, IM by 88% in the stressed group of chickens in comparison with the normal one elicited by an electro-stimulation and formaldehyde 0.05 ml of 0.1% tests for induction of nociception. The observations showed several significant stimulatory modifications in the neurobehaviour when nefopam treated with a subtle dosage 1 mg/kg, IM in the stressed chickens concerning the latency to move, squares crossed and time of the tonic immobility response test. Significant damage was detected in the liver function when nefopam injected at 18 mg/kg, IM in stress chickens in comparison to normal one by 28, 33 and 65% as estimated through Alkaline phosphatase (ALP), Aspartate trans-aminase (AST) and Alanine trans-aminase (ALT) concentrations in the serum, respectively. The sum of data findings indicated that H2O2-induced OS increased the analgesic activity of nefopam in the chickens; despite the changes occur on the neurobehaviour and liver function. The dose of nefopam should be reduced when preparing the therapeutic regimen in the stressed animals.

The Effect of Nefopam Hydrochloride on the Liver, Heart, and Brain of Rats: Acute Toxicity and Mechanisms of Nefopam Toxicity

“…No studies have yet been reported on the effect of acute toxic dose of Nefopam on this respect. However, this finding may be contrary to Moini et al that the proposed IL-1β can affect significantly after taking opioid or Nefopam (20)(21)(22)(23), but more research must be done.…”

Interaction of meloxicam and phenylbutazone on the level of cyclooxygenase-2 in mice

“…The analgesic ED50s of either meloxicam or phenylbutazone were assessed for each drug alone using the up-and-down technique (10)(11)(12)(13)(14). The technique is illustrated by giving an initial dose of meloxicam or phenylbutazone at 10 and 250 mg/kg, i.p.…”

The pharmacokinetics of phenylbutazone and its interaction with dexamethasone in chicks

“…The chicks were tested using an electro-stimulator (Harvard device, USA) before and after 30 minutes of treatment with each medication. The pain symptoms were indicated by a distress call in the chick model (13)(14)(15)(16)(17)(18)(19). The dosage for both medications was lowered or increased by 2 and 0.5 mg/kg of the initial dosage administered according to the presence and absence of analgesia (13)(14)(15)(16)(17)(18)(19).…”

“…The pain symptoms were indicated by a distress call in the chick model (13)(14)(15)(16)(17)(18)(19). The dosage for both medications was lowered or increased by 2 and 0.5 mg/kg of the initial dosage administered according to the presence and absence of analgesia (13)(14)(15)(16)(17)(18)(19). Subsequently, the ED50 values of phenylbutazone and dexamethasone combination (at a ratio of 1:1) were measured in the chicks via the isobolographic analysis (20,21).…”