An electroporation strategy to synthesize the membrane-coated nanoparticles for enhanced anti-inflammation therapy in bone infection

Macrophage membrane coated nanoparticles: a biomimetic approach for enhanced and targeted delivery

“…This method shows distinct advantages in maintaining the integrity of the cell membranes and reducing the loss of cell surface proteins. 83 Notably, the membrane-to-nanoparticles ratio needs to be calculated carefully and controlled to ensure intact coverage.…”

Unleashing the potential of cell membrane-based nanoparticles for COVID-19 treatment and vaccination

“…These nanotoxoids could function as multiantigenic antivirulence nanoplatforms for potent immunization against bacterial infection. Additionally, macrophage membrane-coated magnetic composite nanoparticles were able to display antibacterial and anti-inflammatory properties by binding to bacteria and neutralization of toxins and inflammatory cytokines in bone infection [ 135 ] and sepsis [ 136 ] ( Figure 6(f )).…”

“…According to the desired application, specific cell membrane coatings may be preferred on account of their biointerfacing properties. For example, while cancer cell membrane coatings may be preferred to target cancer cells via a homotypic targeting mechanism and enable enhanced cancer-targeted therapies [ 142 , 143 ], immune cells such as macrophages and neutrophils may be equally preferred for targeting cancer [ 144–147 ] and manage inflammation and infection [ 103 , 133 , 135 , 148–150 ]. Hence, in the case of COVID-19, certain cells with intrinsic biofunctionalities may emerge as preferential source of cell membranes for coating nanoparticles, namely: (1) RBCs, providing prolonged blood circulation and immune evasion of payload-loaded nanoparticle cores ( Figure 8(a )) [ 151 ]; (2) immune cells as inflammation and infection mediators, such as macrophages [ 135 , 147 ] and neutrophils [ 150 ], due to their innate recruitment to diseased tissues and intrinsic targeting ability for accumulation at inflammatory sites, and dendritic cells for lymph node targeting [ 152 ] ( Figure 8(b )); additionally, they may act as nanodecoys for SARS-CoV-2 immobilization and as inflammatory cytokine-absorbing nanosponges [ 19 , 65 ]; (3) host epithelial cells, such as epithelial lung cells, as preferred targeted cells by SARS-CoV-2 and acting as nanodecoys mediating SARS-CoV-2 immobilization and neutralization, diverting SARS-CoV-2 from its natural targets ( Figure 8(c )); (4) platelets, owing to their mechanical flexibility and innate tropism to inflamed endothelium, injured tissue and vasculature ( Figure 8(d )) [ 153 , 154 ].…”

“…According to the desired application, specific cell membrane coatings may be preferred on account of their biointerfacing properties. For example, while cancer cell membrane coatings may be preferred to target cancer cells via a homotypic targeting mechanism and enable enhanced cancer-targeted therapies [142,143], immune cells such as macrophages and neutrophils may be equally preferred for targeting cancer [144][145][146][147] and manage inflammation and infection [103,133,135,[148][149][150]. Hence, in the case of COVID-19, certain cells with intrinsic biofunctionalities may emerge as preferential source of cell membranes for coating nanoparticles, namely: (1) RBCs, providing prolonged blood circulation and immune evasion of payload-loaded nanoparticle cores (Figure 8(a)) [151];…”

“…(2) immune cells as inflammation and infection mediators, such as macrophages [135,147] and neutrophils [150], due to their innate recruitment to diseased tissues and intrinsic targeting ability for accumulation at inflammatory sites, and dendritic cells for lymph node targeting [152] (Figure 8(b)); additionally, they may act as nanodecoys for SARS-CoV-2 immobilization and as inflammatory cytokine-absorbing nanosponges [19,65];…”