An anaemic infant in a coma

Kokori, H; Giannakopoulou, Christina; Paspalaki, P.; Tsatsakis, Aristidis; Sbyrakis, S

doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(98)03214-0

Cited by 3 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…Infants and preschool-aged children are at higher risk of Pb exposure in part due to their increased body surface area, increased heart and respiratory rates, the ingestion and inhalation of contaminated dust or soil from greater hand-to-mouth activity, pica, crawling, and their low stature to the ground [19]. Exposure to Pb during early childhood that results in blood Pb concentrations between 30 and 100 µg/dL leads to the development of clinical lead poisoning, which is characterized by a severe hemolytic anemia, nephropathy, and encephalopathy proceeding to coma and death beginning at BLLs of approximately 100 to 150 µg/dL [20][21][22][23].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Disparity in Risk Factor Severity for Early Childhood Blood Lead among Predominantly African-American Black Children: The 1999 to 2010 US NHANES

Yeter¹,

Banks

Aschner

2020

IJERPH

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There is no safe detectable level of lead (Pb) in the blood of young children. In the United States, predominantly African-American Black children are exposed to more Pb and present with the highest mean blood lead levels (BLLs). However, racial disparity has not been fully examined within risk factors for early childhood Pb exposure. Therefore, we conducted secondary analysis of blood Pb determinations for 2841 US children at ages 1-5 years with citizenship examined by the cross-sectional 1999 to 2010 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). The primary measures were racial disparities for continuous BLLs or an elevated BLL (EBLL) ≥5 µg/dL in selected risk factors between non-Hispanic Black children (n = 608) and both non-Hispanic White (n = 1208) or Hispanic (n = 1025) children. Selected risk factors included indoor household smoking, low income or poverty, older housing built before 1978 or 1950, low primary guardian education <12th grade/general education diploma (GED), or younger age between 1 and 3 years. Data were analyzed using a regression model corrected for risk factors and other confounding variables. Overall, Black children had an adjusted +0.83 µg/dL blood Pb (95% CI 0.65 to 1.00, p < 0.001) and a 2.8 times higher odds of having an EBLL ≥5 µg/dL (95% CI 1.9 to 3.9, p < 0.001). When stratified by risk factor group, Black children had an adjusted 0.73 to 1.41 µg/dL more blood Pb (p < 0.001 respectively) and a 1.8 to 5.6 times higher odds of having an EBLL ≥5 µg/dL (p ≤ 0.05 respectively) for every selected risk factor that was tested. For Black children nationwide, one in four residing in pre-1950 housing and one in six living in poverty presented with an EBLL ≥5 µg/dL. In conclusion, significant nationwide racial disparity in blood Pb outcomes persist for predominantly African-American Black children even after correcting for risk factors and other variables. This racial disparity further persists within housing, socio-economic, and age-related risk factors of blood Pb outcomes that are much more severe for Black children.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Disparity in Risk Factor Severity for Early Childhood Blood Lead among Predominantly African-American Black Children: The 1999 to 2010 US NHANES

Yeter¹,

Banks

Aschner

2020

IJERPH

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“…201 One unique case of lead poisoning was found in an infant whose mother used lead-based nipple guards. 211 The presence of lead in traditional medicines remains a persistent health concern.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…209 Additionally, hand-to-mouth activity remains a major route of lead exposure in children from the ingestion of lead-contaminated dust. [210][211][212] Although the inhalation of lead particles has drastically reduced in the past decades with the removal of lead in gasoline, cars can still emit lead particles due to the presence of lead in engine parts and the quality fuels used. While the inhalation of lead particles has drastically decreased as a route of exposure, ingestion remains a significant concern.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Historical documentation of lead toxicity prior to the 20th century in English literature

Jonasson

Afshari

2017

Hum Exp Toxicol

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Lead is a heavy metal that remains a persistent environmental toxin. Although there have been a substantial number of reviews published on the health effects of lead, these reviews have predominantly focused on recent publications and rarely look at older, more historical articles. Old documents on lead can provide useful insight in establishing the historical context of lead usage and its modes of toxicity. The objective of this review is to explore historical understandings and uses of lead prior to the 20th century. One hundred eighty-eight English language articles that were published before the year 1900 were included in this review. Major themes in historical documentation of lead toxicology include lead's use in medical treatments, symptoms of lead poisoning, treatments for lead poisoning, occupational lead poisonings, and lead contamination in food and drinking water. The results of this review indicate that lead's usage was widespread throughout the 19th century, and its toxic properties were well-known. Common symptoms of lead poisoning and suggested treatments were identified during this time period. This review provides important insight into the knowledge and uses of lead before the 20th century and can serve as a resource for researchers looking at the history of lead.

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Human biomonitoring data analysis for metals in an Italian adolescents cohort: An exposome approach

Pino¹,

Chiarotti²,

Calamandrei³

et al. 2017

Environmental Research

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An anaemic infant in a coma

Cited by 3 publications

References 4 publications

Disparity in Risk Factor Severity for Early Childhood Blood Lead among Predominantly African-American Black Children: The 1999 to 2010 US NHANES

Disparity in Risk Factor Severity for Early Childhood Blood Lead among Predominantly African-American Black Children: The 1999 to 2010 US NHANES

Historical documentation of lead toxicity prior to the 20th century in English literature

Human biomonitoring data analysis for metals in an Italian adolescents cohort: An exposome approach

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