Alterations of skeletal muscle microcirculation detected by blood oxygenation level-dependent MRI in a patient with granulomatosis with polyangiitis

Noninvasive measurement of lower extremity muscle oxygen extraction fraction under cuff compression paradigm

“…Based on this paradigm, significant muscle tissue oxygenation alternations and consecutively excellent signal contrast have been demonstrated by former BOLD MRI studies. The cuff compression paradigm together with BOLD technique has been widely applied in clinical study of many muscle diseases, such as PAOD and granulomatosis with polyangiitis, which has proved the potential clinical diagnosis value of this cuff compression paradigm.…”

Correlation of muscle BOLD MRI with transcutaneous oxygen pressure for assessing microcirculation in patients with systemic sclerosis

“…As skeletal muscle tissue constitutes the predominant end organ of the peripheral vasculature, muscle BOLD imaging is a suitable means for the evaluation of vascular diseases like peripheral arterial occlusive disease (PAOD) and diabetes mellitus . Recent evidence resulting from skeletal muscle BOLD studies conducted in patients with rheumatic disorders such as systemic sclerosis (SSc) and polyangiitis with granulomatosis (Wegener's disease) also suggest pronounced impairments of microcirculation in these patient collectives .…”

Advanced Skeletal Muscle MR Imaging Approaches in the Assessment of Muscular Dystrophies

“…When functional MRI (fMRI) is mentioned, images of brain activation maps are usually assumed. Although fMRI was initially used to assess cortical responses to various stimuli, the technique has been applied to numerous other organs, including skeletal muscles [101][102][103][104][105][106][107][108] to gain insight into the microvasculature. The BOLD contrast that is exploited in fMRI studies is based on alterations in hemoglobin oxygenation such that the paramagnetic deoxyhemoglobin distorts the local magnetic field, thereby influencing the measured MR signal.…”

“…We have recently summarized the use of this technique to assess skeletal muscle microvascular environment [96]. While numerous BOLD fMRI studies have been performed to examine diseases that result in impaired perfusion to skeletal muscles [104,106,108], the method has not been used to probe skeletal muscle microcirculation in MD patients, although it has been used to examine the response of the CNS to motor stimulation in myotonic dystrophy patients [109]. Muscle degeneration is evident in the affected muscles of MD patients, and exercise intolerance is observed.…”