All cases of word production are not created equal: Reply to Costa and Santesteban

Abstract

Although we are not necessarily in disagreement with the comment by Costa and Santesteban [1], neither are we as convinced as they are of the need for two modalities, one for word production, the other for word recognition. Their key claim is that 'in word production, it is the speaker who intentionally chooses the target language'. Perhaps at the moment of actually switching languages, one could argue for a need for a top-down intentional switching mechanism. But during most language production, simpler, automatic mechanisms of word activation -identical to those at work in word recognition -would suffice to keep the bilingual speaker in one or the other language. Each word in a particular language whether it is spoken or heard, activates a halo of other words -virtually all of which are in the same language -and, as a result, it requires no particular intentional effort for a bilingual to remain in that language. If you are having a financial discussion, it requires no intentional effort to remain in a financial context, as opposed to say, a culinary context. The same applies, we believe, for languages. It strikes us that the underlying mechanism of spreading activation suffices to explain (virtually) all of both word production as well as word recognition.Further, throughout our article we emphasize the importance of the role of the task. In a task requiring you to switch languages at the end of each sentence, there would, indeed, be a great deal of intentional effort involved in doing so and, in this case, Costa and Santesteban's point would certainly be correct. On the other hand, if you ask people to produce, as quickly as possible, the first word that comes to mind when they hear the utterance, 'What do cows drink?' they will produce 'milk', independently of any intentional desire to do so. This could reasonably be called non-intentional (bottom-up) word production.Our point is that, although we are certainly not opposed to different mechanisms or combinations of processes for word production and word recognition, the case for this has to be made empirically. It is not enough simply to state the necessity of intentionality in specific-language word production and then conclude that this implies the existence of separate word production and word recognition mechanisms (i.e. different combinations of processes occurring in word perception compared with word production). In short, all cases of word production are not created equal.

Two Words, One Meaning: Evidence of Automatic Co-Activation of Translation Equivalents

“…Accounting for the set of findings pointing to a critical role of L2 proficiency in the representational status of the two languages of bilinguals has been one of the core aims of most models of bilingual lexico-semantic organization (see French and Jacquet, 2004; Grainger et al, 2010; for reviews). Kroll and colleagues developed a theoretical account explicitly designed to account for the processing of translation equivalents at different levels of L2 proficiency during language production: the revised hierarchical model (RHM; e.g., Kroll and Stewart, 1994; Kroll and Tokowicz, 2001, 2005).…”