Air Quality Guidelines and Standards

Lippmann, Morton; Maynard, Robert

doi:10.1016/b978-012352335-8/50118-6

Cited by 8 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…According to the formal data provided by the Refik Saydam Hygiene Center in Ankara, mean annual (1999) outdoor air concentrations of SO2 and PM were 57.8 and 76.4 μ g/m 3 for Ankara as a whole, while those annual figures reached to 77.7 and 98.7 μ g/m 3 , respectively, in some heavily polluted districts of the city. Some of these values were higher than the primary air quality standarts for different countries (33). Bad quality charcoal usage in central heating systems contributes to the increase in levels of these pollutants.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 78%

Epidemiologic characteristics of rhinitis in Turkish Children: the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC) phase 2

Kuyucu

Saraçlar

Tuncer

et al. 2006

Pediatric Allergy Immunology

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Rhinitis is a common problem with important comorbidities. In order to search the association between rhinitis, allergic phenotypes and other risk factors in Turkish children, a parental questionnaire about allergic diseases and risk factors, and skin prick test (SPT) with 13 inhalant allergens were performed in a population-based sample of 2774 children aged 9-11 yr. Bronchoprovocation testing with hypertonic saline (HS)and total IgE analysis were limited to a subsample of 350 children. Rhinitis was defined as a problem with sneezing, rhinorrhea, or nasal congestion when the child did not have a viral respiratory infection. The prevalences of ever rhinitis, current (last 12 months) rhinitis (CR), and ever hay fever were 36.3%, 30.6%, and 8.3%, respectively. SPT positivity rate was 20.4% among children with CR. Current wheezing and flexural dermatitis were significantly associated with CR. CR significantly increased the risk of asthma among both atopic and non-atopic subjects [odds ratio (OR), 3.98; 95% CI, 1.81-8.76; and OR, 2.79; 95% CI, 1.82-4.26, respectively]. The association between CR and bronchial hyperreactivity (BHR) was not significant. The multiple logistic regression analysis revealed family atopy (OR=2.25, 95% CI=1.79-2.83, p<0.001), current indoor heating with gas stove (OR=1.78, 95% CI=1.18-2.64, p=0.006) and dampness/molds at home during the first year of life (OR=1.70, 95% CI=1.25-2.31, p=0.001) as significant risk factors for CR. Turkish school children showed a high prevalence of rhinitis with a preponderance of non-atopics. The highly significant association between rhinitis and asthma independent of atopic sensitization emphasize the importance of non-atopic forms of rhinitis.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 78%

Epidemiologic characteristics of rhinitis in Turkish Children: the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC) phase 2

Kuyucu

Saraçlar

Tuncer

et al. 2006

Pediatric Allergy Immunology

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show abstract

“…Standards have played a central and useful role in regulating air pollutants but are by no means the only useful approach in regulating air pollutants. The United Kingdom Clean Air Act of 1956, for example, did not recommend standards and yet produced a remarkable improvement in UK air quality (Lippmann & Maynard, 1999). The idea of a standard for an air pollutant is rooted in toxicological thinking that suggests that it is possible to define an ambient level of pollution that, for the great majority of the population, will not be associated with adverse effects.…”

Section: Robert Maynardmentioning

confidence: 99%

Scientific Information Needs for Regulatory Decision Making

Maynard¹

2003

Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A

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“…The current upper limit recommended by the UK National Air Quality Strategy for PM 10 is a 24 hour mean of 50 µg/m 3 , with the objective that this will be the 99th centile by 2005. 9 Although means are important for regulatory purposes, levels can vary widely, even when the mean exposure is relatively low (fig 3).…”

Section: Levels Of Exposurementioning

confidence: 99%

The health effects of fossil fuel derived particles

Grigg

2002

Archives of Disease in Childhood

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Air Quality Guidelines and Standards

Cited by 8 publications

References 12 publications

Epidemiologic characteristics of rhinitis in Turkish Children: the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC) phase 2

Epidemiologic characteristics of rhinitis in Turkish Children: the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC) phase 2

Scientific Information Needs for Regulatory Decision Making

The health effects of fossil fuel derived particles

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