The health effects of fossil fuel derived particles

Grigg, Jonathan

doi:10.1136/adc.86.2.79

Cited by 23 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 44 publications

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“…We found that the physical appearance of dung smoke particles is distinct from combustion particles in tobacco smoke (Fig. 1B) and diesel exhaust (16). Dung smoke particles appear to be longer, less dense, and more fibrous-like than other combustion-derived particulates.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 74%

Dung biomass smoke activates inflammatory signaling pathways in human small airway epithelial cells

McCarthy

Duffney

Gelein

et al. 2016

American Journal of Physiology-Lung Cellular and Molecular Phys

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Animal dung is a biomass fuel burned by vulnerable populations who cannot afford cleaner sources of energy, such as wood and gas, for cooking and heating their homes. Exposure to biomass smoke is the leading environmental risk for mortality, with over 4,000,000 deaths each year worldwide attributed to indoor air pollution from biomass smoke. Biomass smoke inhalation is epidemiologically associated with pulmonary diseases, including chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), lung cancer, and respiratory infections, especially in low and middle-income countries. Yet, few studies have examined the mechanisms of dung biomass smoke-induced inflammatory responses in human lung cells. Here, we tested the hypothesis that dung biomass smoke causes inflammatory responses in human lung cells through signaling pathways involved in acute and chronic lung inflammation. Primary human small airway epithelial cells (SAECs) were exposed to dung smoke at the air-liquid interface using a newly developed, automated, and reproducible dung biomass smoke generation system. The examination of inflammatory signaling showed that dung biomass smoke increased the production of several proinflammatory cytokines and enzymes in SAECs through activation of the activator protein (AP)-1 and arylhydrocarbon receptor (AhR) but not nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) pathways. We propose that the inflammatory responses of lung cells exposed to dung biomass smoke contribute to the development of respiratory diseases.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 74%

Dung biomass smoke activates inflammatory signaling pathways in human small airway epithelial cells

McCarthy

Duffney

Gelein

et al. 2016

American Journal of Physiology-Lung Cellular and Molecular Phys

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“…Smaller particles also pose health hazards to human being. In particular increasing exposure of children to the fossil fuel derived particles is a matter of concern in recent years [ Grigg , 2002]. Hence it is important to know their distribution.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Measurements of atmospheric parameters during Indian Space Research Organization Geosphere Biosphere Programme Land Campaign II at a typical location in the Ganga basin: 1. Physical and optical properties

et al. 2006

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This paper attempts to characterize the physical and optical properties of the aerosols along with relevant meteorological parameters at a typical location in the Ganga basin. The emphasis is on delineating the prolonged foggy/hazy conditions, a phenomenon believed to be of relatively recent origin, faced by millions of people during the winter months of December and January. Collocated measurements of a number of aerosol and atmospheric parameters were made using ground‐based instruments as part of an intense field campaign launched under the Indian Space Research Organization Geosphere Biosphere Programme in December 2004. The meteorological conditions suggest limited mixing due to shallow boundary layer thickness and essentially calm wind conditions. Monthly mean aerosol optical depth was high (0.77 ± 0.3 at 0.5 μm wavelength) and showed high spectral variation (first‐order Ångström exponent for all wavelengths, α = 1.24 ± 0.24). The second‐order Ångström exponent α′ derived for 0.34, 0.5, and 1.02 μm wavelengths showed much higher curvature in the aerosol optical depth spectrum on the hazy/foggy days (0.93 ± 0.36) as compared to that during the clear days (0.59 ± 0.3). Single‐scattering albedo (0.87–0.97) showed strong spectral variation. Aerosol mass concentration was high with monthly average 125.9 ± 47.1 μg m−3. Fine mode particles (<1 μm) contributed ∼75% to the total mass of aerosols. Similarly, aerosol number concentration was found to vary in the range 1.5–2 × 103 cm−3, with fine mode particles contributing to ∼99.6%. The hazy/foggy conditions typically prevailed when higher daytime relative humidity, lower maximum temperature, and higher fine/accumulation mode particles were observed. The companion paper suggests that the rise in aerosol mass/number concentration could be attributed to the aqueous‐phase heterogeneous reactions mediated by anthropogenic pollutants and the associated reduction in boundary layer thickness and suppressed mixing.

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“…A number of terrestrial crops are widely cultivated for the production of bioethanol, biodiesel and biogas, including corn, sugarcane, sugar beets, palm oil and wheat [ 7 ]. These so-called “first generation biofuels” were strongly promoted during the last decade, but their cultivation and utilization were found to have increasingly negative environmental, social and economic impacts [ 8 , 9 ]. Not only does the production of these crops consume fresh water on a massive scale, their utilization as biofuels prohibits their use as an essential food source and may have a serious impact on soil fertility and biodiversity [ 10 ].…”

Section: Why Use Macroalgal Residues For Biomethane Production?mentioning

confidence: 99%

A Review on the Valorization of Macroalgal Wastes for Biomethane Production

2016

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The increased use of terrestrial crops for biofuel production and the associated environmental, social and ethical issues have led to a search for alternative biomass materials. Terrestrial crops offer excellent biogas recovery, but compete directly with food production, requiring farmland, fresh water and fertilizers. Using marine macroalgae for the production of biogas circumvents these problems. Their potential lies in their chemical composition, their global abundance and knowledge of their growth requirements and occurrence patterns. Such a biomass industry should focus on the use of residual and waste biomass to avoid competition with the biomass requirements of the seaweed food industry, which has occurred in the case of terrestrial biomass. Overabundant seaweeds represent unutilized biomass in shallow water, beach and coastal areas. These eutrophication processes damage marine ecosystems and impair local tourism; this biomass could serve as biogas feedstock material. Residues from biomass processing in the seaweed industry are also of interest. This is a rapidly growing industry with algae now used in the comestible, pharmaceutical and cosmetic sectors. The simultaneous production of combustible biomethane and disposal of undesirable biomass in a synergistic waste management system is a concept with environmental and resource-conserving advantages.

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The health effects of fossil fuel derived particles

Cited by 23 publications

References 44 publications

Dung biomass smoke activates inflammatory signaling pathways in human small airway epithelial cells

Dung biomass smoke activates inflammatory signaling pathways in human small airway epithelial cells

Measurements of atmospheric parameters during Indian Space Research Organization Geosphere Biosphere Programme Land Campaign II at a typical location in the Ganga basin: 1. Physical and optical properties

A Review on the Valorization of Macroalgal Wastes for Biomethane Production

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