Adiponectin gene polymorphisms associated with diabetes mellitus: A descriptive review

Abstract

Diabetes is currently a growing concern of the age. Prevention and treatment of diabetes is a global health priority. Adiponectin is an adipocyte derived protein hormone that enhances insulin sensitivity and ameliorates diabetes by enhancing fatty acid oxidation and glucose uptake in skeletal muscle and reducing glucose production in the liver. Low serum adiponectin concentrations are associated with diabetes, central obesity, insulin resistance and metabolic syndrome. Adiponectin gene is located on chromosome 3q27, where a locus of susceptibility to diabetes was mapped. Several cross-sectional studies showed that single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in adiponectin gene (ADIPOQ) were associated with diabetes. SNPs in ADIPOQ help in assessing the association of common variants with levels of adiponectin and the risk of diabetes. Two common SNPs, rs2241766 and rs1501299, have been linked significantly to type 1 diabetes mellitus which endow the world with a block of haplotypes. Experimental evidences also suggest that rs1501299, rs2241766, rs266729, rs17366743, rs17300539, rs182052, rs822396, rs17846866, rs3774261 and rs822393 are significantly associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus which is the predominant form of the disease. In addition, rs2241766 and rs266729 are extensively associated with gestational diabetes, a condition that develops in women during pregnancy. Therefore not a particular single mutation but a number of SNPs in adiponectin gene could be a risk factor for developing diabetes among the individuals worldwide. This study firmly suggests that adiponectin plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of type 1, type 2 and gestational diabetes mellitus.

A Systematic Review of Orthosiphon stamineus Benth. in the Treatment of Diabetes and Its Complications

“…In addition, leptin and adiponectin, which are secreted from adipocytes, are also associated with insulin resistance. Leptin can antagonize insulin and produce insulin resistance, while adiponectin can improve insulin sensitivity by increasing fatty acid oxidation and glucose uptake in skeletal muscle cells [60,61].…”

Polymorphism in Adiponectin and Adiponectin Receptor Genes in Diabetes Mellitus Pathogenesis

“…The meta-analyses stated that the allele of variant G rs2241766 was negatively associated with the risk of metabolically controlled obesity; the allele of variant T rs1501299 displayed a decrease in the chances for metabolically controlled obesity and metabolically uncontrolled normal weight in the Chinese population [ 25 ]. Additionally, according to the study of Howlader et al [ 6 ], two single-nucleotide polymorphisms of ADIPOQ (rs2241766 and rs1501299) were associated with the risk of dyslipidemia; polymorphism rs1501299 was significantly associated with a susceptibility to ischemic heart disease in East Asia polymorphism rs2241766 was directly related to ischemic heart disease in Europe, East Asia and South Asia [ 26 ].…”

“…A high number of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) (e.g., rs2241766, rs1501299, rs266729, rs17366743, rs17300539, rs182052, rs822396, rs17846866, rs3774261, and rs822393) in the adiponectin gene have been found to be significantly associated with the pathogenesis of diabetes [ 6 ]. Three of the common SNP of ADIPOQ (rs266729, rs2241766, and rs1501299) have been the most widely studied.…”

Role of Adipose Tissue Derived Exosomes in Metabolic Disease

“…Surprisingly, in one study, brown adipocyte-derived exosomes from normal mice alleviated systemic insulin resistance in ADiceKO mice after being taken up by the liver ( 65 ). Existing evidence suggest that adipose tissue, especially brown adipose tissue-derived exosomes, maintain metabolic homeostasis under physiological conditions ( 66 , 67 ), while under pathological conditions, such as T2DM, adipose tissue-derived exosomes cause intra-organ crosstalk synergy to aggravate glucose intolerance and insulin resistance ( 68 , 69 ).…”