Acute exposure to an environmentally relevant concentration of diclofenac elicits oxidative stress in the culturally important galaxiid fish Galaxias maculatus

Abstract

Diclofenac is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) of growing concern in aquatic environments worldwide; nevertheless, knowledge of its effects on aquatic biota is restricted to a few model species with limited information regarding its mechanisms of impact. In the present study, diclofenac accumulation, its effects on metabolic rate, ionoregulation, and oxidative stress were examined at environmentally relevant (0.17 mg L À1 ) and elevated (763 mg L À1 ) concentrations in a culturally and economically important galaxiid fish, inanga (Galaxias maculatus), from the Southern Hemisphere. This species is among the most widespread freshwater fish in the world but its sensitivity to emerging contaminants is unknown. Following an acute 96-h exposure, bioconcentration of diclofenac was measured in the inanga whole-body, resulting in an estimated bioconcentration factor of 87 for the 0.17-mg L À1 exposure concentration, approaching values where transfer through the food chain should be considered. Lipid peroxidation in the liver was significantly elevated at both 0.17-and 763-mg L À1 exposure concentrations but lipid peroxidation in the kidney and gill decreased after diclofenac exposure. Catalase activity was also elevated in the liver of inanga but activity decreased in the gill. There were no effects of diclofenac on metabolic rate or ion (sodium and calcium) influx rates. These data indicate that toxicologically relevant adverse outcomes and bioconcentration of diclofenac at environmentally relevant levels warrant additional study in this important fish. Environ Toxicol Chem 2018;37:224-235. C 2017 SETAC

Responses of Cirrhinus mrigala to second‐generation fluoroquinolone (ciprofloxacin) toxicity: Assessment of antioxidants, tissue morphology, and inorganic ions

“…The inhibition of CAT activity may be due to the binding of the antibiotic to the thiol group, which may possibly increase hydrogen peroxide and superoxide radicals 19 . McRae et al 51 reported that the decrease in the gill CAT activity of fish ( Galaxias maculates ) indicates impaired CAT activity in the gill due to drug toxicity. Acceleration of GST activity was observed in fish species exposed to various pharmaceuticals, specifically quinolone, 52 and ciprofloxacin (0.7 and 100 g/L) concentrations 17 .…”

“…An increase in LPO levels (in R. subcapitata ) to antibiotics (sulfamethoxazole and erythromycin) indicates the failure of antioxidants or that increased antioxidant response was not enough to neutralize the accumulation of ROS and to prevent cellular oxidative damage 48 . McRae et al 51 reported that when CAT activity decreased, the LPO level may increase. Our study also confirms that conclusion, and we also noticed the elevated level of LPO activity and the decline of CAT activity in ciprofloxacin exposed fish.…”

Indicator Compounds Representative of Contaminants of Emerging Concern (CECs) Found in the Water Cycle in the United States

“…Observations of antibiotic resistance of bacteria [30,[126][127][128][129][130], intersex occurrence in freshwater fish [31,[131][132][133], and oxidative stress in aquatic organisms [134][135][136][137] are major adverse effects from CECs in the water cycle [138]. Many researchers have investigated the effect of the wastewater treatment processes on the prevalence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria in the plants and receiving waters [126,128,129].…”

“…At greater concentrations of 3.00 and 9.00 µg/L, a significant decrease in the antioxidant enzymes was observed and led to the impairment of the ability to cope with oxidative stress. Similarly, in galaxiid fish, an acute exposure to 0.17 µg/L of diclofenac for 96 h resulted in a decrease in catalase activity in the gill tissue [135]. Stancova et al (2017) evaluated the early stages of oxidative stress in Tench fish exposed to environmentally relevant concentrations (0.02-60 µg/L) of ibuprofen, diclofenac, and carbamazepine [137].…”

Civa Klorür Uygulanan Gökkuşağı Alabalıkları (Oncorhynchus Mykiss)’ nın Solungaç Dokusunda Nitrozatif ve Oksidatif Stresin Rolü

“…Research Article (Echeverria-Saenz et al, 2018;Jiang et al, 2018;Lungu-Mitea et al, 2018;McRae et al, 2018;Rather et al, 2018;Vicari et al, 2018;Zhang et al, 2018).…”