Responses of Cirrhinus mrigala to second‐generation fluoroquinolone (ciprofloxacin) toxicity: Assessment of antioxidants, tissue morphology, and inorganic ions

Abstract

Ciprofloxacin drugs are a second‐generation fluoroquinolone highly prescribed medication against various bacterial infections in human and aquaculture practices. These drugs are chemically designed to persist in the body long enough to achieve target objectives. Extensive usage has resulted in ciprofloxacin becoming a ubiquitous contaminant in the environment. Unfortunately, the ecotoxicological profiles for ciprofloxacin are scanty. This study was aimed to assess the ecotoxicity of ciprofloxacin at environmentally relevant concentrations (1 μg/L, and 1.5 μg/L) to a cultivable fish Cirrhinus mrigala. Responses of antioxidant enzymes, histological anomalies, and inorganic ion levels were studied. SOD activity in gill, liver, and kidney tissues was elevated in ciprofloxacin‐exposed groups when compared with the control group. CAT activity was predominantly decreased in ciprofloxacin treated groups relative to the control group. GST activity in the ciprofloxacin treated groups was increased (except kidney tissues [Treatment I (1 μg/L)], and gill tissues fifteenth day) significantly (p < .05). The LPO level was elevated in the ciprofloxacin treatment groups throughout the study period (except Treatment II (1.5 μg/L) tenth day in kidney tissues). A series of histological anomalies were noticed in the gill, liver, and kidney tissues of the ciprofloxacin treated groups. Ciprofloxacin exposure caused a significant decrease of sodium, potassium, and chloride levels in the plasma of C. mrigala. A parallel among an imbalanced oxidative defense system, tissue structural changes, and alterations of plasma inorganic ions could be considered as a reliable biomarker for antibiotic toxicity study. This study could be a primary platform for further toxicity studies to understand the potential molecular impacts and adverse effects of ciprofloxacin on aquatic organisms.

Safety, tolerability and biological responses of Oreochromis niloticus juveniles upon oral oxolinic acid administration

“…It suggested that the stress and the physiological changes induced by OA persevered. Further, the results of the reduced inorganic ions like calcium and chloride in plasma suggested that dietary OA may cause ionic imbalance as was observed in quinolones‐exposed fish (Ramesh et al, 2021), which, in turn, affects the physiological and osmoregulatory processes of fish. Earlier reports documented that antibiotics tend to bind to ions and reduce their availability in the blood (Guidi et al, 2018) and the gill tissue and chloride cells (Ramesh et al, 2021), thus disturbing normal osmoregulation.…”

Assessment of haematological, histopathological, and serum biochemical responses in Oreochromis niloticus (L.) upon dietary florfenicol administration

“…The magnitude of increase crudely re ects the number of affected hepatocytes. Conceptually, the ALP, ALT, and AST are believed to be hepatocellular "leakage" enzymes (Ramesh et al 2021). Although the intensity of vacuolation recouped slightly, it was still observed on day 21 PFD.…”

Effects of Three Widely Used Antibiotics and Their Mixture on the Haemocytes of the Clam Ruditapes philippinarum

“…Moreover, in the fish Cirrhinus mrigala exposed to environmentally realistic CIP concentrations (1 μg/L and 1.5 μg/L) there was an increase of the superoxide dismutase activity (SOD) and lipid peroxidation in gills, liver, and kidney, whereas catalase activity (CAT) decreased in gill and liver, but significantly increased in kidney. Moreover, CIP promoted a series of histological anomalies in gills, liver, and kidney tissues (Ramesh et al, 2021). Indeed, antibiotics can also induce malformations affecting the normal development as demonstrated by González-González et al (2021) in zebrafish embryos exposed to AMX.…”