Actual problem of methodology and development of evidence-based health risk assessment associated with chemical exposure

Abstract

Paramount problems of the development of the assessment of population health risks associated with the chemical exposure in Russia are considered on the ground of critical analysis of reports devoted to methodological issues of the risk assessment and guidelines published since 2010. Causes of the lack in progress of risk assessment are discussed. The information of executed research revealed the significant retardation number of Russian publications devoted to the evidence-based health risk assessment compare to worldwide trend. The analysis of publications according to evidence-based health risk assessment in Russia in 1998 - 2012 demonstrated methodical problems to be leading to the underestimation of the real risk to population’s health. There are demonstrated directions in the renewal of methodology and practice of hygienic standardization on the basis of the risk assessment. The comparative analysis of values of uncertainty factors (modifying factors, conversion factors) used for extrapolation and accepted in different countries and organizations was made. The system of extrapolation coefficients of DNEL (Derive No-Effect Level) is presented. The leading principles of modern toxicology and risk assessment based on strict scientific proofs are showed. Criteria of evidence-based toxicology and risk assessment are presented.Among actual problems which demand their decision there are considered: the assessment of combined action in regulatory toxicology; expansion of spheres of the application of health risk assessment methodology; the improvement ofpreparation and certification of experts in the field of health risk assessment; need of check of dispersion models and their replacement by more modern models; the improvement of exposure assessment with taking into account the international requirements; the assessment of regional exposure factors; expansion of atmospheric air monitoring in all the large cities of Russia

Assessment of the Contribution Made by Oncogenic Factors to the Risk of Malignant Neoplasms Development for the Urban Population of Working Age

“…Следует отметить некоторые ограничения исследования. Так, нами учтено поступление канцерогенов только ингаляционным путем, хотя в ряде работ все больше внимания уделяют изучению комплексной канцерогенной нагрузки на среду обитания [7,8,17]. Подавляющее большинство канцерогенных соединений может попадать в воду, воздух, почву и продукты питания, с ними человек контактирует и на производстве, и в быту.…”

“…По данным оценок F. Islami et al, курение сигарет обусловливало самую высокую долю случаев заболеваемости ЗН  19,05 % и смертности  28,8 %, меньшее значение имели избыточная масса тела (7,8 и 6,5 % соответственно) и потребление алкоголя (5,6 и 4,0 % соответственно) [12]. Важно, что при комплексном действии онкогенных факторов отмечается более высокая степень риска [9,17,18]. Считается, что ЗН характерны для представителей старшего поколения, однако частота ЗН молочной железы, яичников, легких, поджелудочной железы, центральной нервной системы достигает критических показателей уже в трудоспособном возрасте [1,8,12], что определяет особую социальную значимость данного класса болезней.…”

Assessment of the impact of air pollution by heat power plant emissions on the health of the population of Novokuznetsk

“…Методология оценки риска здоровью является одним из наиболее быстро развивающихся междисциплинарных направлений в современной науке и практике. Оценка риска является важнейшей частью процесса принятия управленческих решений, относящихся к охране окружающей среды и здоровья населения [1][2][3][4][5]. За последние годы методология анализа и оценки риска совершила качественный и количественный рывок в деятельности природоохранных агентств многих стран [6,7].…”

Assessment of the Contribution Made by Oncogenic Factors to the Risk of Malignant Neoplasms Development for the Urban Population of Working Age

“…According to estimates provided by Islami F. with colleagues, cigarette smoking caused the highest share of morbidity with MNs, 19.05 %, and mortality due to them, 28.87 %; overweight (7.8 % and 6.5 % accordingly) and alcohol intake (5.6 % and 4 % accordingly) were less significant [12]. It should be mentioned that complex effects produced by oncogenic factors result in higher risks [9,17,18]. MNs are considered to be more typical among elderly people; however, MNs of breast, ovary, lungs, thyroid gland, and the central nervous system become crucially frequent among people of working age [1,8,12] and this predetermines specific social significance of this nosology.…”

“…We should note that our research has certain limitations. Thus, we took into account only inhalation exposure to carcinogens although more and more attention is being paid to complex carcinogenic burden on the environment [7,8,17]. Vast majority of carcino-gens can occur in water, air, soils, and food products and a person can contact them both at work and at home.…”