Absence of porcine circovirus type 1 (PCV1) and high prevalence of PCV 2 exposure and infection in swine finisher herds

Puvanendiran, S.; Stone, Suzanne; Yu, Wanqin; Johnson, Craig R.; Abrahante, Juan E.; Jimenez, Liza Garcia; Griggs, Theodor F.; Haley, Charles; Wagner, Bruce A.; Murtaugh, Michael P.

doi:10.1016/j.virusres.2011.02.012

Cited by 40 publications

(38 citation statements)

References 41 publications

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“…During the PCVD epizootic, elevated virus infection pressure led to the more frequent activation of PCV2-specific plasma B cells; this phenomenon was reflected by a higher prevalence and higher average concentrations of PCV2-specific IgG antibodies than in the other investigated time periods. A previous investigation similar to this study reported the reverse correlation; in particular, a 22-fold median decrease in virus concentration resulted in a decrease from 78.8% to 19% in the proportion of pigs positive for PCV2-specific antibodies [20]. This prior finding supports our observation of a decrease in PCV2-specific IgG antibodies from the epizootic period to the post-epizootic period.…”

Section: Short Communicationsupporting

confidence: 90%

Antibody Titers from Finisher Populations with Persistent/Latent PCV2 Infection Before, During and After the PCV2-SD Epizootic

Vybiral¹,

Sydler²,

Haessig³

et al. 2017

Epidemiology

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Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) diseases (PCVDs) have affected pig production worldwide over the last three decades. Since the advent of mass vaccination, manifestations of PCVDs have dramatically decreased. Nevertheless, persistent/latent PCV2 infections linger in the pig population.Therefore, we investigated whether conclusions can be drawn regarding the health status of a population based on humoral responses to a persistent pathogen such as PCV2. We examined the Swiss finisher population because in this population, time points associated with major events have been well documented. We measured PCV2-specific antibody titers of finishers before the Swiss epizootic in 1996-97 and compared these titers with antibody titers in 2006, during the peak of the epizootic, and in 2011, three years after the start of the mass vaccination of piglets.Two hundred serum samples from finishers were analyzed for each of these time periods, which correspond to before, during and after the Swiss epizootic. PCV2-specific IgG antibody titers were low to modestly positive during the pre-epizootic and post-epizootic periods. At the peak of the epizootic in 2006, almost all serum samples were positive, with higher average IgG concentrations than those detected in pre-epizootic and post-epizootic samples. Moreover, IgM antibodies were analyzed for 60 randomly chosen finishers in each time period. Of these 180 samples, only two serum samples from 2006 contained PCV2-specific IgM antibodies.Mass vaccination against PCV2 reduced PCV2-specific antibody titers in pigs with persistent/latent infection to pre-epizootic levels. Our data show prevalence for and concentrations of IgG-specific PCV2 antibodies, which appear to be correlated with PCVD. This result is counterintuitive because one would typically expect higher antibody concentrations to be associated with less disease; a possible interpretation is that elevated concentrations of immature anti-PCV2 antibodies provided pigs with a certain level of protection against PCVDs.Keywords: PCV2-specific IgG and IgM; Population study; Seroprevalence; Persistent/latent infections; Epizootic periods; Mass vaccination campaign Short CommunicationPorcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2), which is one of the most significant pathogens in pig production worldwide, is the causative agent of porcine circovirus diseases (PCVDs). PCV2 can be detected in both healthy and diseased pigs [1] and is found in the lymphatic system in most pigs [2,3].We and others have demonstrated that PCV2 affects the maturation and differentiation of T cells [3][4][5]. We specifically identified T helper cells as being targeted by PCV2-infected cells in the thymus [4]. These T helper cells are essential for the proper maturation of high-affinity antibody-secreting centroblasts [6]. Overall, humoral responses to PCV2 do not correlate with the infection statuses of pigs [4,7,8].This result is unsurprising due to the latent nature of PCV2, which is found in pig fetuses before immune competency [3,4]. In addition, current infor...

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Section: Short Communicationsupporting

confidence: 90%

Antibody Titers from Finisher Populations with Persistent/Latent PCV2 Infection Before, During and After the PCV2-SD Epizootic

Vybiral¹,

Sydler²,

Haessig³

et al. 2017

Epidemiology

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“…This may explain why the positive rate obtained by IIF was higher than that obtained by the ELISAs with the Cap protein as a coating antigen and may explain why such ELISAs have higher specificity than IIF for PCV2 antibody detection. Despite previous studies describing the high prevalence of PCV1 in swine herds, recent investigations have shown that the prevalence of PCV1 is low in PCV field cases, with PCV2 being the prevailing strain (32). This may explain why the incidence of PCV2 as measured by IIF was in good agreement but slightly higher than with the ELISAs.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 75%

Development and Application of a Double-Antigen Sandwich Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay for Detection of Antibodies to Porcine Circovirus 2

Luo

Jiang

et al. 2012

Clin Vaccine Immunol

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ABSTRACTA double-antigen sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) is described for detection of porcine circovirus 2 (PCV2) antibodies using the well-characterized recombinant PCV2 capsid protein. In a comparative test of 394 pig sera against an indirect immunofluorescence (IIF) test and a commercial ELISA kit (also based on the recombinant PCV2 capsid protein), the results showed that the diagnostic sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of the assay were, respectively, 90.61, 94.02, and 91.62% compared with IIF and 94.38, 95.28, and 94.67% compared with the commercial ELISA kit. Assay of 12 PCV-free pigs over a 5-week period produced only PCV2-negative titers by all 3 methods. These results and the seroprofiles of 4 pig farms obtained by both the commercial ELISA kit and the double-antigen sandwich ELISA indicate that the sandwich ELISA is a reliable method for detection of antibodies to PCV2. Additionally, the method described here permits the use of undiluted test serum samples simultaneously loaded with horseradish peroxidase (HRP)-conjugated antigen into the test well, and the complete test procedure can be performed in less than 90 min. This double-antigen sandwich ELISA should be a useful tool to aid swine industry professionals in deciding the intervention strategies for the control of PCV2-associated diseases.

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“…Neutralizing antibody titers against PCV2 were tested with a serum virus neutralization assay (SVN) using serum samples collected at 28,35,42,49, and 56 dpi, essentially as For testing the neutralizing antibody titers against PRRSV, a SVN test was conducted as previously described (Zhou et al, 2012). Briefly, two-fold diluted serum samples collected at 28,35,42,49, and 56 dpi from each pig were mixed with an equal volume of PRRSV VR2385 virus at an infectious titer of 2 × 10 3 TCID50/mL and incubated at 37C for 1 h. The mixtures were then dispensed into MARC-145 cells in 96-well plates and incubated for 1 h at 37 C.…”

Section: Detection Of Neutralizing Activity Against Pcv2 and Prrsv Usmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Briefly, two-fold diluted serum samples collected at 28,35,42,49, and 56 dpi from each pig were mixed with an equal volume of PRRSV VR2385 virus at an infectious titer of 2 × 10 3 TCID50/mL and incubated at 37C for 1 h. The mixtures were then dispensed into MARC-145 cells in 96-well plates and incubated for 1 h at 37 C. After washing with PBS, the cells were maintained in DMEM with 2% fetal bovine serum (FBS).…”

Section: Detection Of Neutralizing Activity Against Pcv2 and Prrsv Usmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Expression of antigenic epitopes of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) in a modified live-attenuated porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) vaccine virus (PCV1-2a) as a potential bivalent vaccine against both PCV2 and PRRSV

et al. 2015

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Absence of porcine circovirus type 1 (PCV1) and high prevalence of PCV 2 exposure and infection in swine finisher herds

Cited by 40 publications

References 41 publications

Antibody Titers from Finisher Populations with Persistent/Latent PCV2 Infection Before, During and After the PCV2-SD Epizootic

Antibody Titers from Finisher Populations with Persistent/Latent PCV2 Infection Before, During and After the PCV2-SD Epizootic

Development and Application of a Double-Antigen Sandwich Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay for Detection of Antibodies to Porcine Circovirus 2

Expression of antigenic epitopes of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) in a modified live-attenuated porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) vaccine virus (PCV1-2a) as a potential bivalent vaccine against both PCV2 and PRRSV

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