Abilities of Co-cultures of Brown-Rot Fungus Fomitopsis pinicola and Bacillus subtilis on Biodegradation of DDT

Abstract

DDT (1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis(4-chlorophenyl)ethane) is one of the pesticides that are hazardous for the environment and human health. Effective environmental-friendly treatment using co-cultures of fungi and bacteria is needed. In this study, the bacteria Bacillus subtilis at various volumes of 1, 3, 5, 7, and 10 mL (1 mL ≈ 6.7 × 10 CFU) were mixed into 10 mL of the brown-rot fungus Fomitopsis pinicola culture for degrading DDT during a 7-days incubation period. DDT was degraded by approximately 42% by F. pinicola during the 7-days incubation period. The addition of 10 mL of B. subtilis into F. pinicola culture showed the highest DDT degradation of approximately 86% during the 7-days incubation period. DDD (1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis(4-chlorophenyl)ethane), DDE (1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis(4-chlorophenyl)ethylene), and DDMU (1-chloro-2,2-bis(4-chlorophenyl)ethylene) were detected as metabolic products from DDT degradation by co-cultures of F. pinicola and B. subtilis. Transformation pathway was proposed in which DDT was transformed into three pathways as follows: (1) dechlorination to DDD, (2) dehydrochlorination to DDE, and (3) formation of DDMU.

Ralstonia pickettii enhance the DDT biodegradation by Pleurotus eryngii

“…The synergistic co-cultures P. aeruginosa -P. ostreatus [17], P. brevispora -B. subtilis [19], G. lingzhi -B. subtilis [21] were previously reported as having degradation efficiency of 75~86%. In the cases of brown-rot fungus, Sariwati et al [43] and Sariwati and Purnomo [44] reported that the addition of B. subtilis and P. aeruginosa increased DDT degradation by Fomitopsis pinicola, respectively. Recently, Setyo et al [35] stated that the addition of R. pickettii to D. dickinsii culture enhanced the degradation of DDT from 54~69%.…”

“…The concentration of biosurfactant resulting from R. pickettii and P. eryngii co-culture might produce some toxic metabolites for survival rather than for degrading DDT. To determine the effectiveness of various co-cultures, the ratio optimization (RO) was obtained by comparing the degradation of DDT in co-cultures and the total of that by particular fungi and bacteria [43,44]. RO ≥ 1 indicated the synergistic mechanism between P. eryngii and R. pickettii to degrade DDT.…”

“…As a control, an autoclave was used to kill the cultures at 121 o C, for 20 min. Furthermore, all experiments were conducted in triplicates, with the optimization ratio calculated by number of degradation by mixed cultures per total amount of degradation by fungus and bacteria [43,44].…”

Culture of Bacterium Bacillus subtilis as Degradation Agent in Attempt of Sea Water Remediation Contaminated By Petroleum

“…Besides, B. subtilis can be mixed with some brown-rot fungi (BRF), such as Gloephyllum trabeum, Daedalea dickinsii, and Fomitopsis pinicola as well as white-rot fungi (WRF) such as Pleurotus ostreatus, Pleurotus eryngii, and Ganoderma lingzhi. Mixed culture B. subtilis and BRF had been reported to enhance DDT degradation as well as dyes decolorization [29][30][31][32].…”

Soil Microorganisms and Their Potential in Pesticide Biodegradation; A Review Article

“…Soil (Chauhan and Singh, 2015;Neerja et al, 2016;Pathak, Chauhan, Ewida and Stothard, 2016) Enterobacter cloacae. Soil (Neerja et al, 2016) Alcaligeneseutrophussp Soil (Erdem and Cutright, 2016) Bacillus species Soil (Sariwati, Purnomo and Kamei, 2017) Lindane Staphylococcus sp Soil (D. Kumar, Kumar and Sharma, 2016) Kocuriasp Soil (D. Kumar et al, 2016) Chromohalobacter sp. Soil (Bajaj, Sagar, Khare and Singh, 2017) Bacillus sp.…”