A water footprint case study in Jarum village, Klaten, Indonesia: The production of natural-colored batik

The Blue Water Footprint of Block-printed Batik Coloured by Natural Dye of Myrobalan (Terminalia bellirica Roxb.) Mordanted by Alum and Copperas

“…Our result showed that the behaviour of this artisan was similar to our previous study which found that it is unusual for batik home industry artisan to measure the use of materials, such as water [13]. In addition, the process of making block-printed batik by natural dyeing was similar to that of hand-drawn batik as explained previously [5], except that drawing on the cloth is replaced by block-printing and degumming.…”

“…As indicated in Table 2, the copperas mordanted-cloth absorbed 16.20 g/m 2 Myrobalan dye, and 25.00 g/m 2 of Myrobalan dye was absorbed by the alum mordanted-cloth, and this difference could be related to the frequency of immersion. In comparison to our previous study, hand-drawn batik which is produced by natural dyeing used 120 g dye, 430 g of wax, and absorb 0.29 L of water per pc of 1.15 m x 2.50 m fabric [13], which are equal to 41.74 g/m 2 , 149.56 g/m 2 , and 0.10 L/m 2 dye, wax, and water, respectively. This study found that the block-printed batik in this study used less dyes in comparison to the hand-drawn batik, and this could be understood because this study only focused on a species of plant for dyeing, while the other batik SME used some species of plants in dyeing.…”

“…The Equation 1, however, is not appropriate to calculate the water evaporates and lost return flow during dewaxing process, therefore the measurement of the water consumed on that process is conducted based on our previous study [5]. The wax, natural dyes, and water attached or absorbed by each clothes were also measured according to our previous research [13]. Colour measurement of the Myrobalan extract and the coloured clothes were conducted using a Minolta CR-200 chromameter resulting the L*, a*, and b* parameters which were used to calculate the total colour change (∆E) [14], [15].…”

“…Studies on water footprint of batik production have been reported [12], [13]. Unfortunately, these studies were focused on the general production of batik and did not attempt to specifically explain the consumptive water use of batik production by application of a specific dye.…”

Effects of light intensity and co-inoculation of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and rhizobium on root growth and nodulation of Indigofera tinctoria

“…Synthetic dyes used in the batik industry in Indonesia contribute to environmental pollution by producing waste which causes groundwater pollution (Kristijanto et al, 2011;Handayani et al, 2019). The environmental impact caused by synthetic dye waste must be reduced; one option is the use of natural dyes.…”