A study of surface changes of wood-polypropylene composites as the result of exterior weathering

Butylina, Svetlana; Hyvärinen, Marko; Kärki, Timo

doi:10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2011.12.014

Cited by 120 publications

(94 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…Accordingly, CB is a highly efficient light stabilizer for a polymer. The results in this study were consistent with the findings of Kiguchi et al (2007) and Butylina et al (2012) who studied wood flour-polypropylene composites colored with different colorants, and concluded that darker pigments improve color stability. The composites with a mixture of TiO2 and CB as colorant had a minimal △E of 8.6 after 3000 h weathering, which suggested the existence of a synergistic effect between TiO2 and CB, thereby the ability to resist the effects of ultraviolet light and oxidation was enhanced.…”

Section: Colorimetric Analysissupporting

confidence: 92%

“…3b and 3c), which meant that the colors of the samples changed from red-yellow to blue-green. The decrease in yellowness (b*) during weathering was attributed to the reduction of paraquinones (chromophoric structures) to hydroquinones, which resulted in photo-bleaching (Butylina et al 2012). The a* of all samples tended to be neutral overall after 1000 h of weathering.…”

Section: Colorimetric Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effects of Carbon Black and Titanium Dioxide on Ultraviolet Weathering of Wood Flour-HDPE/Lumber Composites Using Multi-phase Co-extrusion Technology

Wang

Song

2017

BioResources

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A new type of wood-plastic/lumber composite (WPLC) was fabricated with laminated veneer lumber as a core, and the traditional wood-plastic composite (WPC) as a shell layer using multi-phase co-extrusion technology. This WPLC was used to manufacture a window frame, and the effects of inorganic pigments (carbon black (CB), titanium dioxide (TiO2), and their mixtures) on the decorative effect and ultraviolet (UV) weathering performance of the shell layer of the window frame were investigated. Weathering variables included UV irradiation duration and water spraying cycles for up to 6000 h. The surface color was analyzed by spectrophotometry during weathering. In addition, a scanning electron microscopy analysis and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analyzed the weathering properties of the WPLC shell layer. The results showed that (1) different decorative effects (white, grey, and black color) of the window frames were achieved by incorporating CB, TiO2, and their mixture; (2) the composites incorporated with CB and/or TiO2 exhibited less discoloration and fewer surface cracks; (3) the composites with CB and TiO2 showed a better photo-stability than those with a UV stabilizer (UV326). The overall color change (△E) of the composites incorporated with UV326, TiO2, and CB was 20.0, 11.7, and 10.8, respectively, after 3000 h of weathering; and (4) a combination of CB and TiO2 showed a synergistic effect on alleviating the photo-oxidation process of the WPC shell layers, which confirmed its UV-shielding effect.

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Section: Colorimetric Analysissupporting

confidence: 92%

Section: Colorimetric Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Carbon Black and Titanium Dioxide on Ultraviolet Weathering of Wood Flour-HDPE/Lumber Composites Using Multi-phase Co-extrusion Technology

Wang

Song

2017

BioResources

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“…The reduction in molecular size dominates in short-time exposures to weathering and favours crystallisation, whereas after extended period, the presence of many extraneous groups in the molecules of highly degraded polymer makes the crystallisation more difficult [58]. This phenomenon can be correlated with scanning electron microscopy (SEM) results of [43] whereby fibre breakage mainly occurred in short-term aged tensile samples while fibre debonding and pull-out occurred in long-term aged tensile samples.…”

Section: Accelerated Weatheringmentioning

confidence: 82%

“…Study by Butylina et al [58] proved that higher wood fibre content led to more significant changes in colour. The decrease of yellowness (Δb) with exposure time can be linked to the reduction of paraquinones (chromophoric structures) to hydroquinones, which results in photobleaching and a more serious degradation of the surface layer.…”

Section: ***[63]mentioning

confidence: 97%

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A review on the degradability of polymeric composites based on natural fibres

et al. 2013

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The applications of natural fibre/polymer composites in civil engineering are mostly concentrated on non-load bearing indoor components due to its vulnerability to environmental attack. This paper evaluates the characteristics of several natural fibre composites exposed to moisture, thermal, fire, and ultraviolet degradation through an extensive literature review. The effects of chemical additives such as fibre treatments, fire retardants and UV stabilizers are also addressed. Based on the evaluation conducted, optimum fibre content provides strength in a polymer composite but it also becomes an entry point for moisture attack. Several fibre treatments are also being used to improve fibre/matrix interface, thereby increasing moisture durability. However, the treated fibres were found to behave poorly when exposed to weather. The addition of UV stabilizers and fire retardants are suggested to enhance outdoor and fire performance of natural fibre/polymer composite but compromises its strength. Therefore, from the collected data and various experimental results, it was concluded that an optimum blend ratio of chemical additives must be employed to achieve a balance between strength and durability requirements for natural fibre composites. Dear EditorI would like to submit a paper entitle of "Degradability of Polymeric Composites Based on Natural Fibres" to the materials and design. This paper address important issues related to the degradation of natural fibres in polymeric composites. I believe the paper has interest to the reader of the journal and will be beneficial for many researchers in the field of materials and design considering the degradation of polymer and bio-materials. I would like to confirm that the paper has not been sent to any journal before and not under review. I hope you can send the paper fore reviewing process. Editor: Thank you for submitting your review paper. There are no technical issues. However, there are areas of the paper that need attention as follows: 1.Include more keywords -you are allowed up to 6 keywords.The keywords have been updated and highlighted in the revised version as Keywords: natural fibres; polymer composites; civil applications; characteristics degradation; weathering. 2.Include your personal university telephone number in the contact details in the paper.In the revised version it has been included as Reference 20 is incomplete. Updated 10.Reference 37 is incomplete. Updated 11.Reference 40 is incomplete. This paper is much related to the topic and it is in press. I added the DOI: 10.1080/15440478.2012.733149 . this is accepted in the production stage 12.Reference 65 is incomplete. Removed 13.In view of the above, please check all references for accuracy and completeness. Detailed Response to Reviewers JMAD-D-12-03220R1 2All the references are cited using endnote software. This makes it easy to update and cite the references in the required format at the publication stage. 14. Remove page numbers from list of table and figure captions. Page numbers removed...

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Weathering of Lignocellulosic Polymer Composites

Shahzad

Isaac

2014

Lignocellulosic Polymer Composites

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A study of surface changes of wood-polypropylene composites as the result of exterior weathering

Cited by 120 publications

References 31 publications

Effects of Carbon Black and Titanium Dioxide on Ultraviolet Weathering of Wood Flour-HDPE/Lumber Composites Using Multi-phase Co-extrusion Technology

Effects of Carbon Black and Titanium Dioxide on Ultraviolet Weathering of Wood Flour-HDPE/Lumber Composites Using Multi-phase Co-extrusion Technology

A review on the degradability of polymeric composites based on natural fibres

Weathering of Lignocellulosic Polymer Composites

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