A Single-Wire Microwave Sensor for Selective Water and Clay in Bitumen Analysis at High Temperatures

Baghelani, Masoud

doi:10.1109/tim.2021.3107606

Cited by 12 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…One of the methods is to cascade the cells. This method is used in both microwave sensors [47, 48] and optical sensors [37, 49]. For example, in [47] a microwave sensor with the method of single wire was designed and then in [37] two structures of single wire were cascaded and increased its sensitivity.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This method is used in both microwave sensors [47, 48] and optical sensors [37, 49]. For example, in [47] a microwave sensor with the method of single wire was designed and then in [37] two structures of single wire were cascaded and increased its sensitivity. The use of high-frequency structures has a high Q -factor and increases the resolution, so the use of structures such as optical and millimeter wave helps to increase the Q -factor in the sensors [50].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For sensors, features can be added based on their needs and applications, for example, flexible sensors [39] can be used in certain spaces or sensors can be made by exposure to high temperatures [19, 47]. The sensors with high sensitivity can be used for adjustable cancellation [57].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A symmetric bar chart-shape microwave sensor with high Q-factor for permittivity determination of fluidics

Navaei

Rezaei

Kiani

2023

Int. J. Microw. Wireless Technol.

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This paper introduces a symmetric bar chart-shape (SBCS) microwave sensor for measuring permittivity of fluidic samples. For designing purposes, the introduced sensor was used based on the field changes between the SBCS and rectangular loop microstrip (RLM) structure. When a sample is placed on the sensing location, interaction between SBCS and RLM varies the field intensity. The vinegar samples were combined with water and then they are placed on the sensor. The change in field intensity changes the resonance frequency. However, there is a relationship between the permittivity of samples and the resonance frequencies. The proposed sensor is implemented on the substrate of RO4003C. The relative permittivity of samples changed from 59 to 77 and the resonance frequencies changed from 2.3 to 1.4 GHz. The quality factor is 3544 and the sensitivity is 2.2%.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A symmetric bar chart-shape microwave sensor with high Q-factor for permittivity determination of fluidics

Navaei

Rezaei

Kiani

2023

Int. J. Microw. Wireless Technol.

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“…Microwave planar sensors have recently spread in a wide range of applications including material characterization [ 1 , 2 ], the oil and sand industry [ 3 , 4 , 5 ], the biomedical field [ 6 , 7 , 8 ], and many others [ 9 , 10 ]. The main motivation behind the growing interest in these sensors is a combination of their intriguing features (such as low-cost mass production, simple design, high sensitivity) and, more importantly, non-contact mode of sensing.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Selective Microwave Zeroth-Order Resonator Sensor Aided by Machine Learning

Kazemi

Gholizadeh

Musilek

2022

Sensors

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Microwave sensors are principally sensitive to effective permittivity, and hence not selective to a specific material under test (MUT). In this work, a highly compact microwave planar sensor based on zeroth-order resonance is designed to operate at three distant frequencies of 3.5, 4.3, and 5 GHz, with the size of only λg−min/8 per resonator. This resonator is deployed to characterize liquid mixtures with one desired MUT (here water) combined with an interfering material (e.g., methanol, ethanol, or acetone) with various concentrations (0%:10%:100%). To achieve a sensor with selectivity to water, a convolutional neural network (CNN) is used to recognize different concentrations of water regardless of the host medium. To obtain a high accuracy of this classification, Style-GAN is utilized to generate a reliable sensor response for concentrations between water and the host medium (methanol, ethanol, and acetone). A high accuracy of 90.7% is achieved using CNN for selectively discriminating water concentrations.

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“…For testing the capabilities of the developed humidity sensors, we integrated the fabricated substrates with chipless microwave sensors. Microwave sensors are known for their high sensitivity, low cost, zero power consumption on the sensor side, and, more importantly, being able to perform distant sensing. − These exceptional features led to the introduction of a new generation of sensors for a wide range of applications expanding from oil and gas to biomedical sensing. − Moreover, the demonstrated chipless microwave sensors are ideal for non-accessible applications and sensing in harsh environmental conditions. − The chipless microwave sensor comprises a metallic trace shaped in the form of a split ring resonator, whereas the sensing side is electromagnetically coupled with another microwave structure that functions as the reader. The reader is connected to the readout circuitry and the power supply, but the chipless sensor is energized through the electromagnetic coupling.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development of Flexible Moisture Sensors Based on the Corrosion and Degradation of Conductive Substrates

Cerny

Cheng

Behzadi

et al. 2022

ACS Appl. Electron. Mater.

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Water and moisture sensing are becoming essential features measured in clean energy and transportation applications. In this study, we develop sensors with the ability to detect moisture through two distinct conductive technologies: (1) a change in morphology using water-soluble polymer composite foams and (2) a rust-induced change or resistance change caused by the corrosion of a metal substrate. Five different foam sensors were successfully fabricated, tested, and determined as functional moisture sensors following their time and relative humidity responses. The sensors’ sensitivity was calculated, and a maximum sensitivity of 3.61 kΩ/RH % was achieved. The electrical properties, foam morphologies, and chemical, thermal, and mechanical properties of the foams were measured and compared. The second sensing technology encompasses a magnesium–copper galvanic system which when in contact with water for extended periods of time will corrode (i.e., convert the metal into metal oxide), causing an irreversible change through an increase in resistance, subsequently alerting the user of possible water flooding. The metallic sensors were tested at three different outdoor temperatures (0, 23, and 50 °C) in order to characterize the influence of temperature. They were also tested with a direct force where corrosion was accelerated. Chipless microwave resonators were utilized as platforms for investigation of the performance of the developed sensors. Both technologies presented act as both the substrate and sensing material.

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A Single-Wire Microwave Sensor for Selective Water and Clay in Bitumen Analysis at High Temperatures

Cited by 12 publications

References 32 publications

A symmetric bar chart-shape microwave sensor with high Q-factor for permittivity determination of fluidics

A symmetric bar chart-shape microwave sensor with high Q-factor for permittivity determination of fluidics

Selective Microwave Zeroth-Order Resonator Sensor Aided by Machine Learning

Development of Flexible Moisture Sensors Based on the Corrosion and Degradation of Conductive Substrates

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