Selective Microwave Zeroth-Order Resonator Sensor Aided by Machine Learning

Kazemi, Nazli; Gholizadeh, Nastaran; Musilek, Petr

doi:10.3390/s22145362

Cited by 11 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 48 publications

(43 reference statements)

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“…While practical situations involve a complex matrix, a sensor needs to be selective to the desired MUT. Machine learning has been found to be lucrative in enabling selectivity in microwave sensors, as shown in [123], where a convolutional neural network is used to process the sensor response with respect to its pre-trained repository. Another aspect of environmental noise on the microwave sensor response is explained in this section as the temperature effect.…”

Section: Neutralizing Environmental Impacts With Machine Learningmentioning

confidence: 99%

Techniques to Improve the Performance of Planar Microwave Sensors: A Review and Recent Developments

Abdolrazzaghi

Nayyeri

Martín

2022

Sensors

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Planar microwave sensors have become increasing developed in recent decades, especially in material characterization (solid/liquid) as they provide regions highly sensitive to the surrounding medium. However, when it comes to deciphering the content of practical biological analytes or chemical components inside a host medium, even higher sensitivities are required due to their minute concentrations. This review article presents a comprehensive outlook on various methodologies to enhance sensitivity (e.g., coupling resonators, channel embedding, analyte immobilization, resonator pattern recognition, use of phase variation, using coupled line section, and intermodulation products), resolution (active sensors, differential measurements), and robustness (using machine learning) of arbitrary sensors of interest. Some of the most practical approaches are presented with prototype examples, and the main applications of incorporating such procedures are reported. Sensors with which the proposed techniques are implemented exhibit higher performance for high-end and real-life use.

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Section: Neutralizing Environmental Impacts With Machine Learningmentioning

confidence: 99%

Techniques to Improve the Performance of Planar Microwave Sensors: A Review and Recent Developments

Abdolrazzaghi

Nayyeri

Martín

2022

Sensors

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“…It is noteworthy to mention that, in this preliminary experimental stage, the probing loop was positioned in contact with the resonator to avoid measurement errors due to the placement. Future studies will analyze how the reading-sensor relative arrangement affects the outcomes and how this uncertainty source might be minimized, such as by the use of convolutional neural network approaches [55], [56].…”

Section: B Experimental Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Millimetric Inclusion Detection Through a Contactless Microwave Spiral Sensor for Biomedical Applications

2023

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This article introduces the design and fabrication of a microwave contactless sensor used to detect the presence of millimetric inclusions in a biological medium for biomedical applications. The hardware system comprises a self-resonant planar spiral resonator (SR) (sensing element) inductively coupled to an external concentric single-loop probe (reading probe), working at 648 MHz. The microwave sensor configuration relies on the Q-factor maximization of the spiral coil, that is, the sensing element, through an optimization process, to obtain a stronger sensitivity and, thus, a millimeter resolution for the inclusions' detection. The detection is achieved by recording both the amplitude variation and the frequency shift of the input impedance of the reading probe. To validate the proposed solution, full-wave simulations have been performed to design and preliminary evaluate the radiating system performance in detecting millimetric biological inclusions. As an applicative example, we focus on air bubbles detection in hemodialysis procedures; in particular, we carried out the experimental verification by employing an agar phantom to replicate the dielectric characteristics of the blood tissue and polylactic acid (PLA) samples of various sizes to represent the air inclusions. We proved that the theoretical assumptions were in excellent agreement with both the numerical and experimental results, encouraging further analysis of the potential use of such sensors in biomedical applications. Indeed, the radiating device can be very helpful for all operations where it is necessary to detect the presence of undesired and dangerous contaminants in a contactless way, making the procedure safer for patients.

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“…Microwave sensors have been widely used in conjunction with electrochemical or chemo-resistive sensors for acetone detection, enabling the monitoring and control of the compo-sition and concentration of both liquid and gaseous forms [3], [8]- [10]. They possess the unique capability to absorb and desorb a target analyte without relying on additional energy sources [11]- [14].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nanosilver Inkjet-Printed CPW-Fed Flexible Antenna Sensor for Contactless Liquid Acetone/Water Detection

Hossain,

Dang,

Cheffena

2024

IEEE Sensors J.

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We present the design and development of a combined octagonal and square-shaped coplanar waveguide (CPW)fed nanosilver inkjet-printed on Kapton polyimide-based flexible antenna sensor for liquid acetone/water detection which is the first of its kind. Sensing was performed by monitoring the resonant frequency and its corresponding amplitude of the reflection coefficient. Our experimental results show that the antenna sensor is able to distinguish between water and acetone, and it can also respond to varying concentration levels of acetone. The overall size of the antenna sensor is 0.564λ 0 ×0.627λ 0 ×0.001175λ 0 , where λ 0 is calculated at 4.7 GHz. The proposed sensor can operate under deformed conditions, making it suitable for sensing near a liquid mixture (acetone-water) by wrapping around the sample holder surface. The results without materials under test show a 10-dB impedance bandwidth between 4.61 GHz and 4.81 GHz in simulations, and from 4.42 GHz to 4.86 GHz in measurements. The simulation results also show a peak realized gain of 4.44 dBi with a maximum total efficiency of 92.8%. In comparison, the measured gain of 4.12 dBi at 4.7 GHz with a maximum total efficiency of 76.5%. Furthermore, experimental results considering the materials under test show that the resonant frequency of the sensor was at 4.63 GHz and 4.54 GHz without-and with-100% acetone presence in liquid mixtures, respectively. Thus, the proposed antenna sensor has great potential in non-contact liquid acetone sensing applications, paving the way for antenna-based liquid sensing solutions.

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Selective Microwave Zeroth-Order Resonator Sensor Aided by Machine Learning

Cited by 11 publications

References 48 publications

Techniques to Improve the Performance of Planar Microwave Sensors: A Review and Recent Developments

Techniques to Improve the Performance of Planar Microwave Sensors: A Review and Recent Developments

Millimetric Inclusion Detection Through a Contactless Microwave Spiral Sensor for Biomedical Applications

Nanosilver Inkjet-Printed CPW-Fed Flexible Antenna Sensor for Contactless Liquid Acetone/Water Detection

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