Microwave planar sensors employ conventional passive complementary split ring resonators (CSRR) as their sensitive region. In this work, a novel planar reflective sensor is introduced that deploys CSRRs as the front-end sensing element at fres=6 GHz with an extra loss-compensating negative resistance that restores the dissipated power in the sensor that is used in dielectric material characterization. It is shown that the S11 notch of −15 dB can be improved down to −40 dB without loss of sensitivity. An application of this design is shown in discriminating different states of vanadium redox solutions with highly lossy conditions of fully charged V5+ and fully discharged V4+ electrolytes.
Distribution network reconfiguration (DNR) is one of the most important methods to cope with the increasing electricity demand due to the massive integration of electric vehicles. Most existing DNR methods rely on accurate network parameters and lack scalability and optimality. This study uses model-free reinforcement learning algorithms for training agents to take the best DNR actions in a given distribution system. Five reinforcement algorithms are applied to the DNR problem in 33-and 136-node test systems and their performances are compared: deep Q-learning, dueling deep Q-learning, deep Q-learning with prioritized experience replay, soft actor-critic, and proximal policy optimization. In addition, a new deep Q-learning-based action sampling method is developed to reduce the size of the action space and optimize the loss reduction in the system. Finally, the developed algorithms are compared against the existing methods in literature.
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