A Review on Encapsulation Technology from Organic Light Emitting Diodes to Organic and Perovskite Solar Cells

Abstract

Organic light emitting diodes (OLEDs) employing organic thin‐film based emitters have attracted tremendous attention due to their widespread applications in lighting and as displays in mobile devices and televisions. The novel thin‐film photovoltaic techniques using organic or organic–inorganic hybrid materials such as organic photovoltaics (OPVs) and perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have become emerging competitive candidates with regard to the traditional photovoltaic techniques on account of high‐efficiency, low‐cost, and simple manufacturing processing properties. However, OLEDs, OPVs, and PSCs are vulnerable to the undesired degradation induced by moisture and oxygen. To afford long‐term stability, a robust encapsulation technique by employing materials and structures that possess high barrier performance against oxygen and moisture must be explored and employed to protect these devices. Herein, the recent progress on specific encapsulation materials and techniques for three types of devices on the basis of fundamental understanding of device stability is reviewed. First, their degradation mechanisms, as well as, influencing factors are discussed. Then, the encapsulation technologies and materials are classified and discussed. Moreover, the advantages and disadvantages of various encapsulation technologies and materials coupled with their encapsulation applications in different devices are compared. Finally, the ongoing challenges and future perspectives of encapsulation frontier are provided.

Exploitation of Improved Long‐Term Stability and Enhanced Photoconversion Efficiency of Organic Photovoltaics Using Flexible Transparent Conducting Electrode with Dual Functions of Antireflection and Ultrahigh Moisture Barrier

“…From the HTO measurement, the AR-UHB/PET/AR-UHB film shows a WVTR value of 1.6 Â 10 À5 Â g m À2 day À1 , which is considered low enough for the operation of OPVs. [12,14] Figure 5a shows the schematic structure of the inverted OPVs fabricated on several substrates of PET/h-TCE, AR-UHB/PET/AR-UHB/h-TCE films, and a glass/ITO prepared as a reference, and top-view photographic images of patterned ITO and bar-type patterned h-TCE. Figure 5b shows the current density-voltage ( J-V ) characteristic curves of OPVs under 100 mW cm À2 with AM1.5G illumination.…”

“…[10,11] However, OPV materials are very susceptible to degradation from oxygen and water, in addition to intrinsic disadvantages such as low carrier mobility and degradation by UV exposure. [12][13][14][15][16][17] To ensure long-term stability, various approaches such as single-layer and multilayer thin film encapsulation have been exploited to minimize the damage in highly sensitive OPVs caused by water and oxygen permeation. Representative examples include SiO x or Al 2 O 3 (inorganic), PVB (organic) or ORMOCER (inorganicorganic hybrid) single layer, SiO x /SiN x , [18] Al 2 O 3 /SiO 2 (or ZrO 2 ) (inorganic) or organosilicon/SiO x , SiN x /Parylene, and SiO x /SiN x /Parylene (organic-inorganic) multilayer.…”

Process Parameter Optimization of a Polymer Derived Ceramic Coatings for Producing Ultra-High Gas Barrier

“…[6,[11][12][13]. These techniques are reported in the literature to produce ultra-high oxygen and moisture diffusion barriers (i.e., down to 10 −6 g/m 2 •day) for the protection of OLEDs [6,14]. These techniques deposit metal oxides (SiO x , SiN x , and Al 2 O 3 ) from the gas phases in a vacuum environment to produce a dense layer, which yields an ultra-high gas barrier film [15].…”

Hücre Mikroenkapsülasyonunda Manuel ve Kapsülasyon Sisteminin Hücre İzolasyon Tipi ve Aljinat Yüzdesine Bağlı Verimliliğinin Karşılaştırılması

“…Doğal polimerlerin yapımında kullanılan doğal kaynaklara selüloz, kolajen, kitosan ve aljinat gibi malzemeler örnek olarak gösterilebilir (3). Polimer malzemeler kullanılarak gerçekleştirilen enkapsülasyonun ana hedefleri enkapsüle edilen biyolojik maddenin dış çevreden korunmasını sağlamak ve mekanik destek ile yapısal stabilite yaratmaktır (4).…”