Improving the safety efficacy ratio of existing drugs is a current challenge to be addressed rather than the development of novel drugs which involve much expense and time. The efficacy of drugs is affected by a number of factors such as their low aqueous solubility, unequal absorption along the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, risk of degradation in the acidic milieu of the stomach, low permeation of the drugs in the upper GI tract, systematic side effects, etc. This review aims to enlighten readers on the role of pH sensitive hydrogels in drug delivery, their mechanism of action, swelling, and drug release as a function of pH change along the GI tract. The basis for the selection of materials, their structural features, physical and chemical properties, the presence of ionic pendant groups, and the influence of their pK a and pK b values on the ionization, consequent swelling, and targeted drug release are also highlighted.
This paper examines unsteady magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) convective fluid flow described by the Oldroyd-B model using ramped wall temperature and velocity simultaneously. The fluid flow is closed to an infinite vertical flat plate immersed through a porous medium. Laplace transformation is used to find solutions of momentum and energy equations. Afterwards, the Nusselt number and skin friction coefficient are obtained. A parametric study is performed to investigate the effects of ramped velocity and temperature (at wall) on the considered fluid flow model.
Sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) are normally
investigated at room temperature
(RT). However, the application of electrical vehicles (EVs) may work
at high/low temperatures in a harsh environment. Herein, Na-rich Prussian
blue (PB) is synthesized by controlling the Na+ ion concentration
during the synthesis process. TGA, XRD, IR, and SEM are used to investigate
the transition of the nanoscale structure and the surface morphology
of PB at various Na contents. The electrochemical properties have
been investigated at RT, 40 °C, 60 °C, and the high temperature
of 80 °C. PB-4M exhibits a specific capacity of 130 mAh/g at
RT and 120 mAh/g at 80 °C. At 80 °C, PB-4M can still deliver
a reversable specific capacity of 57 mAh/g at 2 C after 500 charge–discharge
cycles, which makes it possible to utilize PB as a commercial cathode
in future EVs at high temperature.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.