Organic light emitting diodes (OLEDs) employing organic thin‐film based emitters have attracted tremendous attention due to their widespread applications in lighting and as displays in mobile devices and televisions. The novel thin‐film photovoltaic techniques using organic or organic–inorganic hybrid materials such as organic photovoltaics (OPVs) and perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have become emerging competitive candidates with regard to the traditional photovoltaic techniques on account of high‐efficiency, low‐cost, and simple manufacturing processing properties. However, OLEDs, OPVs, and PSCs are vulnerable to the undesired degradation induced by moisture and oxygen. To afford long‐term stability, a robust encapsulation technique by employing materials and structures that possess high barrier performance against oxygen and moisture must be explored and employed to protect these devices. Herein, the recent progress on specific encapsulation materials and techniques for three types of devices on the basis of fundamental understanding of device stability is reviewed. First, their degradation mechanisms, as well as, influencing factors are discussed. Then, the encapsulation technologies and materials are classified and discussed. Moreover, the advantages and disadvantages of various encapsulation technologies and materials coupled with their encapsulation applications in different devices are compared. Finally, the ongoing challenges and future perspectives of encapsulation frontier are provided.

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In the past decade, organic–inorganic hybrid perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have made unprecedented progress and recently achieved high efficiency of over 25%, comparable with commercial silicon solar cells. However, PSCs still face poor long‐term stability hindering their commercial application. Because PSCs undergo severe degradation under environmental stress factors, such as moisture, heat, light, and electrical bias. Thus, exploring and evaluating the degradation pathways of perovskites and the degradation mechanisms of PSCs is quite essential. In situ diagnostic techniques can track the real‐time changes of structure, morphology, and optoelectronic properties of the materials in the device during the degradation process. Herein, the progress on in situ characterization for understanding the degradation in PSCs is reviewed, including advanced characterization techniques in the aspects of electron microscopy, X‐Ray, and optoelectronic spectroscopy. Besides, in situ characterization tracking the degradation process of perovskite material films from typical methylamine (MA) perovskite to formamidinium (FA)–cesium (Cs) mixed‐cation perovskite and PSCs dependent on external factors is also discussed. This overview can provide a further understanding of the stability of PSCs and solve the problems on their road to commercialization. Finally, the future perspectives of in situ characterization for understanding the degradation of PSCs are provided at the end of this review.

In perovskite solar cells, the formation of residual/excess lead iodide (PbI2) in the perovskite film is detrimental to device stability. However, the understanding of the effect of residual/excess PbI2 and...

Effects of minimally invasive plate-screw internal fixation and sacroiliac joint screw fixation in the treatment of posterior pelvic ring fracture were compared. Continuous selection of 20 cases of unstable pelvic posterior ring fractures, according to indications of operation, were divided into a group of 13 cases of plate-screw internal fixation and a group of 7 cases of sacroiliac joint screw fixation, and the operation effect and complications were compared. The comparisons of operation time, amount of radiation exposure, intraoperative blood loss, length of incision, partial load and full load time, and complications between two groups were carried out, and there were no statistically significant differences (P>0.05). The evaluation of clinical effects (based on the Majeed pelvic functional scoring criteria) and the evaluation of anatomic effects (based on Matta and Tornetta scoring criteria) between the two groups were compared, there was no statistically significant difference (P>0.05). Minimally invasive plate-screw internal fixation and sacroiliac joint screw fixation in the treatment of the posterior pelvic instability fracture both have indications and their therapeutic effects are equally matched.

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ObjectivesThis study was aimed to assess the willingness of elderly people to seek medical care for tuberculosis (TB) and the associated influencing factors.DesignA cross-sectional study.SettingA multistage random survey was conducted in Bao’an District of Shenzhen in China.ParticipantsA total of 1200 elderly people aged 65 or above were recruited for the study and completed a structured questionnaire between September and October 2019.Main outcome measuresDescriptive and binary logistic stepwise regression analyses were conducted to analyse the characteristics of elderly individuals, their willingness to seek medical care for TB and associated factors.ResultsAmong the final 1123 respondents, 943 (84.0%) were willing to seek medical care if they discovered suspicious TB symptoms. Binary logistic stepwise regression analysis indicated that respondents whose family annual income per capita was 50 000–100 000¥ (OR=2.56, 95% CI: 1.44 to 4.54, p<0.01) and who had positive attitudes (≥3 scores: OR=3.10, 95% CI: 1.90 to 5.05, p<0.01) or practices (≥4 scores: OR=3.13, 95% CI: 1.82 to 5.39, p<0.01) towards TB were more willing to seek medical care for TB.ConclusionsWillingness to seek medical care for TB in the elderly population can be improved according to the determinants.