A retrospective study of periodontal disease severity in smokers and non-smokers

Abstract

B Ba ac ck kg gr ro ou un nd d Smoking has been associated with increased risk of periodontitis. The aim of the present study was to compare the periodontal disease severity of adult heavy smokers and never-smokers referred for assessment and treatment of chronic periodontitis. M Me et th ho od ds s A random sample of patients with at least 20 teeth, stratified for smoking and age (5-year blocks, 35 to 55 years), was selected from an original referral population of 1,221 subjects with chronic adult periodontitis. Adequate records for 59 never-smokers and 44 subjects who smoked at least 20 cigarettes per day were retrieved. The percentage of alveolar bone support was measured from dental panoramic radiographs with a Schei ruler at x3 magnification with the examiner unaware of the smoking status. Probing depths at six sites per tooth were obtained from the initial consultation. R Re es su ul lt ts s There was no significant difference in age between groups. Smokers had fewer teeth (p<0.001), fewer shallow pockets (p<0.001) and more deep probing depths (p<0.001). The differences were greater in subjects 45 years of age and over. In this age group, smokers had approximately 13% more bone loss, 15% more pockets in the 4-6 mm category and 7% more pockets in the ≥ 7 mm category than the neversmokers. C Co on nc cl lu us si io on ns s This study confirmed that smokers had evidence of more severe periodontal disease than never-smokers. The differences increased with age confirming an exposure-related response.

The Influence of Smoking on Dental and Periodontal Status

“…They include subject characteristics, social and behavioral factors, systemic factors, genetic factors, tooth-related factors, microbial composition of dental plaque and other emerging factors (Nunn, 2003). Cigarette smoking is a significant risk factor for periodontal disease (Tanner, 2005), demonstrated by an increased loss of attachment (Hymann & Reid, 2003;Amarasena et al, 2003;Razali et al, 2005), development and progression of periodontal inflammation (James et al, 1999;Genco, 1996) and increased gingival recession (Müller et al, 2002). It has been estimated that smoking accounts for half of all periodontal diseases.…”

Tobacco Smoking and Periodontal Health in a Saudi Arabian Population

“…The observed effects have been confirmed in different studies after correction for a variety of potential cofounders such as socioeconomic status, education, and oral hygiene. Despite the existence of these potential confounding factors, the impact of smoking is not obscured when all factors accounted for (Feldman et al 1983, Bergström & Eliasson 1987a,b, Feldman et al 1987, Haber & Kent 1992, Horning et al 1992, Bolin et al 1993, Martinez-Canut et al 1995, Bergström et al 2000a,b, Calsina et al 2002, Khader et al 2003, Teng et al 2003, Razali et al 2005, Apatzidou et al 2005.…”

The Relationship between Serum Cotinine Levels and Periodontal Status

“…There are a number of theories as to why smokers have more periodontal disease than non-smokers, involving both bacterial aspect and host response (Razali et al, 2005). Initially it was thought that smokers may have higher plaque than non smokers, which may be accounted for by poorer levels of oral hygiene than higher rates of supragingival plaque growth (Bergstrom et al, 2000;Bergtrom, 1989).…”