The Influence of Smoking on Dental and Periodontal Status

Association between salivary sialic acid and periodontal health status among smokers

“…1) and prevalence of current smokers among periodontal patients indicated that tobacco is a risk factor for poor dental health compared to former smokers who had lower rates of periodontal diseases. This agrees with (Kaye et al, 2006) who suggested that smoking is a significant risk factor of periodontal diseases and quitting smoking results in reduced risk as stated by (Smejkalova et al, 2012). Also with (Bloom et al, 2012) who concluded that current smokers had a poorer oral health status and more oral health problems (periodontal, dental caries, oral cancer, and other diseases) than either former smokers or never smokers.…”

“…Highest score of probe pocket depths (deep pockets) and teeth mobility scores were among periodontitis smokers (Figure 2, Figure 3), this indicates ligament and alveolar bone destruction with pocket formation and it is in agreement with (Sceedev et al, 2012) who reported that smokers had significantly more sites with probing depths 4–7 mm, and (Smejkalova et al, 2012) who found shallow or deep gingival pocket in all sextants of smokers. Bergstrom et al (2000) found that smokers not only have significantly increased probing depths and alveolar bone loss, but also increased tooth mobility.…”

“…In addition to decreased antioxidant levels in blood, gingival tissue, saliva, and gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) of periodontitis and gingivitis smokers (Kurtul and Gökpinar, 2012). Smejkalova et al (2012) reported that socioeconomic disadvantages, poor oral hygiene habit, and bad eating behavior associated with smoking and smoking related diseases.…”

Number of tooth loss in smokers and non-smokers in Monmata Lhoong Village, Aceh Besar District, Indonesia

“…3 Smoking is a risk factor for some diseases and shows adverse effects on periodontal health and smoking also causes decreased salivary secretion. 11 Some components of the smoke of cigarette that can exacerbate periodontal disease such as nicotine and tar. 6 This study concerns the difference in the number of tooth loss in smokers and non smokers in the village of Monmata Lhoong Sub-district, Aceh Besar District.…”

“…Nicotine causes a reduction in bone density and bone mineral content while tar provides a direct irritant effect on gingiva that causes gingivitis, so that both components of the smoke of cigarette can accelerate the course of periodontal disease and also increased the risk of caries. 6,11 Tar and nicotine are two important chemicals contained in cigarettes, nicotine is addictive while tar is carcinogenic. 12 Nicotine can also benefit to the body if it is consumed in not excessive, for example nicotine can be used to treat nervousness because it can give the sedative effect.…”