The Relationship between Serum Cotinine Levels and Periodontal Status

Abstract

Problem statement:Smoking plays a significant role in the development of periodontal disease. Quantitative relation between smoking and increased severity of periodontal disease, by means of biochemical marker has not been described in Malaysian population. The present study was designed to apply serum cotinine measurement as a quantitative method to evaluate smoking levels in Malaysian patients and to correlate these levels with the severity of periodontal disease. Approach: The study group consisted of 80 healthy individuals (20-64) year, Current Smokers 26, Non Smokers 27 and Former Smokers 27. The subjects were then asked to complete a questionnaire including the demographic, socioeconomic status, medical history and history of cigarette smoking. The periodontal variables recorded were amount of Visible Plaque score, gingival bleeding Index and community periodontal index. Samples of blood "10 mL" were obtained in vacutainer tubes containing EDTA for quantitative analysis of serum levels of cotinine. The serum samples were analyzed for cotinine content by means of a competitive-inhibition ELISA technique. Results: Current smokers represent the highest mean cotinine serum level, 95.5 ng mL −1 , compared to former smokers, 35.5 ng mL −1 and non smokers, 22.9 ng mL −1 . The mean serum cotinine level in periodontally healthy patient showed the highest cotinine level (84 ng mL −1 ) followed by the gingivitis patients (68 ng mL −1 ) and (50 ng mL −1 ) for periodontitis patients. Conclusion: The present observations clearly indicate an association between smoking, periodontal disease clinical parameters "plaque, gingival bleeding scores" and cotinine serum levels in current smokers. Cotinine serum levels doesn't affected by the existence or the severity of periodontal disease.

The Influence of Cigarette Smoking on Gingival Bleeding and Serum Concentrations of Haptoglobin and Alpha 1-Antitrypsin

“…The oral hygiene status, as represented by plaque scores, for smokers was 51.35 ± 11.27, and regression analyses demonstrated a significant relationship between plaque score, duration of smoking (years), and serum cotinine. This finding is in accordance with earlier studies [ 3 , 28 , 29 ]. However, other studies showed higher plaque levels in smokers [ 30 , 31 ], while some studies demonstrated less plaque levels in smokers [ 32 , 33 ].…”

“…This finding is in accordance with earlier studies [3, 28, 29]. However, other studies showed higher plaque levels in smokers [30, 31], while some studies demonstrated less plaque levels in smokers [32, 33].…”

Tooth loss in relation to serum cotinine levels - A cross-sectional study from the Belville South area in South Africa

“…14 Given its long half-life, serum cotinine levels have been successfully validated and used in scientific studies as a biomarker for tobacco exposure. 15 The present study included a convenient sample from the Belville South, a disadvantaged community located in the Western Cape Province in South Africa, characterized by a mixed ethnic background. Epidemiological data on tooth loss is essential to define treatment needs for public health policies.…”

“…18 Cotinine constitutes the principal metabolite of nicotine, and it has been used as a biomarker for tobacco exposure due to its long half-life. 15 The cut-off value of 15ng/ml was used in the current study to differentiate smokers from non-smokers, according to results from previously published literature. 14,19,20 Normality assumption of missing teeth variable was assessed through the Shapiro-Wilk test, which indicated that the data was skewed (p<0.001).…”

Evaluation of Clinical Efficacy of Biodegradable Chip Containing Salvadora persica Extract in Chitosan Base as an Adjunct to Scaling and Root Planning in the Management of Periodontitis

“…The bacteria found in dental plaque are commonly acknowledged as the primary cause of inflammatory periodontal diseases. 1,2 Traditionally, periodontal therapy aims to modify the periodontal environment to create conditions that facilitate the removal of dental plaque by patients.…”