A potential bio-filler: The substitution effect of furfural modified clam shell for carbonate calcium in polypropylene

Abstract

Shell waste has the potential to be used as a bio-filler. In this work, the commercial calcium carbonate and furfural modified clam shell were used as fillers in polypropylene. Both fillers were characterized and analyzed by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy equipped with an energy dispersive spectrometer, particle size analyzer, Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy, and contact angle measurement. The mechanical and thermal properties of unfilled polypropylene and polypropylene composites were investigated as well. X-ray diffraction and energy dispersive spectrometer analysis indicated that the major phase of calcium carbonate was calcite; of modified clam shell, calcite and aragonite. The calcium carbonate displayed a cubic-like morphology with a smaller particle size as compared with that of modified clam shell. The contact angle measurements indicated that calcium carbonate was fully hydrophobic, while modified clam shell was amphiphilic. Thermal gravimetric analyses confirmed the reinforcement effects of both calcium carbonate and modified clam shell in polypropylene composites. Mechanical property studies showed that the inclusion of modified clam shell played the role mainly of toughening the polypropylene; of calcium carbonate, that of reinforcing, with a nonsignificant toughening effect. The optimal filler ratio of modified clam shell could reach 15 wt.%, as compared with 10 wt.% for calcium carbonate, making it possible for substituting calcium carbonate in polypropylene.

A new use for glassy carbon: Development of LDPE/glassy carbon composites for antistatic packaging applications

“…This parameter decreased from 346.3 to 18.0 mm, as the GC content increased to 20 wt %. This effect is due to the incorporation of rigid filler particles restricting the relative movement of the polymer molecules, which is the characteristic of reinforced thermoplastic composites . The addition of GC particles with no elongation to the LDPE matrix makes the composites stiffer.…”

“…These composites had a high tensile modulus, indicating greater rigidity and fragility compared to the composites with lower contents of GC particles. It should be noted that, despite the good distribution of the GC particles, there are regions of small particle agglomeration that tend to create weak points in the matrix because of a stress concentration effect, leading to embrittlement of the material when subjected to impact …”

Mechanical and thermal properties of low density polyethylene composites filled with dye‐loaded shell powder

“…It significantly decreased from 171.60 to 75.20%, as the filler content increased to 40 wt %. The decrement in elongation at break point with increasing filler content is due to the incorporation of rigid filler particles restricted the relative movement of the polymer molecules, which is characteristic of reinforced thermoplastic composites . When the low elongation of DPSP were added into LDPE matrix, the specimens became stiffer.…”

Mechanical and free vibration properties of clamshell particles/polyester composites

“…Several factors influence the impact strength of the particulate composite including reinforcement toughness, reinforcement-matrix adhesion strength, and the nature of the matrix fracture [18,38]. Figure 7 shows the impact strength of the bulk polyester and CSP filled polyester specimens.…”

“…Meanwhile, tensile modulus increased from 0.83 GPa to 1.47 GPa. Xia et al [18] studied the effect of adding CSP (0 to 30 wt%) with particle sizes between 2-4 μm on the mechanical properties of PP matrix. Impact strength of the PP samples filled with 30 wt% of CSP showed improvement of 61% compared with neat PP counterparts.…”