A Possible Selective Factor in the Evolution of Fruiting Seasons in Tropical Forest

Snow, David

doi:10.2307/3565124

Cited by 268 publications

(210 citation statements)

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“…Our model in Section 5 shows that in presence of asymmetric competition, temporal segregation in flowering schedules can evolve. Known as staggered flowering, this phenomenon is known in tropical plant communities and could be a mechanism for reproductive isolation between closely related species (Snow, 1965;Stiles, 1977). We plan to explore staggered flowering in a forthcoming paper.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Function-valued adaptive dynamics and optimal control theory

2012

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In this article we further develop the theory of adaptive dynamics of function-valued traits. Previous work has concentrated on models for which invasion fitness can be written as an integral in which the integrand for each argument value is a function of the strategy value at that argument value only. For this type of models of direct effect, singular strategies can be found using the calculus of variations, with singular strategies needing to satisfy Euler's equation with environmental feedback. In a broader, more mechanistically oriented class of models, the function-valued strategy affects a process described by differential equations, and fitness can be expressed as an integral in which the integrand for each argument value depends both on the strategy and on process variables at that argument value. In general, the calculus of variations cannot help analyzing this much broader class of models. Here we explain how to find singular strategies in this class of process-mediated models using optimal control theory. In particular, we show that singular strategies need to satisfy Pontryagin's maximum principle with environmental feedback. We demonstrate the utility of this approach by studying the evolution of strategies determining seasonal flowering schedules.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Function-valued adaptive dynamics and optimal control theory

2012

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“…Na RSG, Morellato (1991) observou que as espécies que possuem frutos ornitocóricos (incluindo C. langsdorffii) frutificam de forma seqüencial ao longo do ano. Estas observações concordam com a hipótese de que espécies que utilizam o mesmo grupo de dispersores teriam vantagens no deslocamento dos períodos de frutificação para minimizar a competição por dispersores (Snow 1965, Gautier-Hion 1990. Na RSG, o estabelecimento e a reprodução de Copaifera langsdorffii parecem ser favorecidos pelo ritmo fenológico que ela apresenta.…”

Section: Discussionunclassified

“…Fatores próximos incluem precipitação (Opler et al 1976), estresse hídrico (Borchert 1980, Reich & Borchert 1984, irradiação (Wright & van Schaik 1994) e fotoperíodo (Rivera & Borchert 2001), enquanto fatores finais incluem a reprodução cruzada entre indivíduos e abundância de polinizadores (Augspurger 1996), dispersores (Snow 1965) e predadores de sementes (Janzen 1971).…”

Section: Introductionunclassified

Fenologia da copaíba (Copaifera langsdorffii Desf. -- Leguminosae, Caesalpinioideae) em uma floresta semidecídua no sudeste do Brasil

Pedroni¹,

Sanchez²,

Santos³

2002

Rev. bras. Bot.

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-(Phenology of copaíba (Copaifera langsdorffii Desf. -Leguminosae, Caesalpinioideae) in a semideciduous forest, southeastern Brazil). Plant phenology is concerned with the timing of recurring events, and is poorly known for tropical forest species, although this ecosystem has the greatest diversity of phenological patterns. A phenological study was carried out from February/1991 to April/1993. Thirty six trees were systematically observed biweekly for changes on leaf fall, leaf flushing, flowering and fruiting. Leaf fall and flushing were synchronized phases. These events always occurred at the end of dry season (leaf fall) and start of rainy season (leaf flushing) being clearly related with precipitation. The flowering occurred in the rainy season, and fruiting during the dry season. Fruiting did not show an annual cycle, but years which massive fruiting being followed by non productive years. Other non climatic factors, like seed dispersers and seed predators were also likely to affect fruiting.RESUMO -(Fenologia da copaíba (Copaifera langsdorffii Desf. -Leguminosae, Caesalpinioideae) em uma floresta semidecídua no Sudeste do Brasil). A fenologia da emissão foliar, floração e frutificação para espécies de florestas tropicais é pouco conhecida, embora estes ecossistemas apresentem grande diversidade de padrões fenológicos. Foi estudada, de fevereiro de 1991 a abril de 1993, a fenologia da copaíba (Copaifera langsdorffii Desf.) na Reserva de Santa Genebra. Foram feitas observações em 36 indivíduos e analisadas queda de folhas, brotamento, floração e frutificação. A queda de folhas e o brotamento foram as fenofases mais sincronizadas dentro da população. Estes eventos ocorreram no final da estação seca (queda de folhas) e início da estação chuvosa (brotamento) e foram relacionados principalmente com a precipitação. A floração ocorreu na estação chuvosa e a frutificação na estação seca. A frutificação ocorreu em ciclos supra-anuais, com anos de produção intensa seguidos de anos sem frutificação. Além dos fatores climáticos, as interações com dispersores e predadores de sementes também parecem influenciar o padrão de frutificação observado em Copaifera langsdorffii.

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“…In tropical wet forest communities, flowers and fruits are available to mutualists and antagonists year-round with landscape-level phenology being the product of patterns that vary among individuals, populations and habitat types (Newstrom et al 1994). Understanding whether year-round flower and fruit availability reflects year-round flowering and fruiting of individuals or species, or is the result of multiple asynchronous phenologies is critical to understanding the structure of species interaction networks (Bascompte 2009), the evolution of dietary specialization in animal communities and the potential for competition among plants for pollinating and dispersing mutualists (Snow 1965, Poulin et al 1999.…”

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confidence: 99%

Phenology of tropical understory trees: patterns and correlates

Boyle¹,

Bronstein

2012

RBT

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Reproductive phenologies of plants are constrained by climate in highly seasonal regions. In contrast, plants growing in wet tropical forests are freed from many abiotic constraints, which in canopy tree communities lead to a rich diversity of phenological patterns within and among individuals, species and communities. However, basic descriptions of tropical phenological patterns and the processes that shape them are rare. Here, we document the individual-, population-, and landscape-level phenological patterns of two dominant families of understory woody plants important to avian frugivores, the Melastomataceae and Rubiaceae, along an elevational transect in Costa Rica. The 226 individual plants belonging to 35 species in this study, varied in the number of reproductive bouts/year, and the timing, duration, and synchrony of reproductive stages. This variation was not related to factors related to their interactions with mutualists and antagonists, nor did it appear to be constrained by phylogeny. Diverse phenological patterns among species led to relatively aseasonal patterns at the community and landscape level. Overall, evidence for biotic processes shaping temporal patterns of fruiting phenology was weak or absent. These findings reveal a number of unexplained patterns, and suggest that factors shaping phenology in relatively aseasonal forests operate in idiosyncratic ways at the species level. Rev. Biol. Trop. 60 (4): 1415-1430. Epub 2012 December 01.

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A Possible Selective Factor in the Evolution of Fruiting Seasons in Tropical Forest

Cited by 268 publications

References 5 publications

Function-valued adaptive dynamics and optimal control theory

Function-valued adaptive dynamics and optimal control theory

Fenologia da copaíba (Copaifera langsdorffii Desf. -- Leguminosae, Caesalpinioideae) em uma floresta semidecídua no sudeste do Brasil

Phenology of tropical understory trees: patterns and correlates

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