A política social no período FHC e o sistema de proteção social

Abstract

Este artigo examina os efeitos das reformas da política social no período Cardoso sobre as instituições do sistema de proteção social. Para isso, concentra-se em três grupos de programas: os universais, de saúde e educação; os de proteção ao trabalho e amparo no desemprego; e os programas de combate à pobreza. Estado ou mercado? Emprego e renda ou política social? Universalismo ou focalização? Consideram-se tais disjuntivas inadequadas para descrever o projeto e as medidas implementadas. O reforço dos programas públicos, universais e gratuitos, de saúde e educação conviveu com a introdução do sinal do mercado no campo do trabalho e com a orientação de focalizar no universal, para melhorar o impacto distributivo das políticas. Isso não alterou a orientação básica do sistema de proteção social. Entretanto, a ênfase nos programas de transferência monetária às famílias pobres, ocorrida ao final do segundo mandato, foi um desvio do projeto original do governo e uma mudança no sistema tradicional de proteção.<br>This paper examines the effects of the social policy reforms on the institutions of the system of social protection during Cardoso's government. In order to do this, it focuses on three groups of programs: the universal, health and education; those of labor protection and unemployment benefits; and the programs to eradicate poverty. State or market? Employment and income or social policy? Universalism or focus? Such disjunctives are considered inadequate to describe the project and the implemented measures. The reinforcement of universal and free public programs, of health and education, cohabited with the introduction of market signals in the work-field and with the instruction to focus on the universal so as to improve the distribution impact of the policies. This did not alter the basic directives of the social protection system. However, the emphasis on programs of monetary transference to impoverished families, that took place during the second term in office, was a detour from the original government project and a change in the traditional protection scheme

Causas do declínio acelerado da desnutrição infantil no Nordeste do Brasil (1986-1996-2006)

“…9 The rapid improvement in maternal schooling in the Northeast Region between 1996 and 2006 reflects the virtual universalization of access to elementary schooling and improvements in some of its performance indicators seen across the entire country throughout the 1990's. 5 It is worth noting that most mothers of children surveyed in 2007 either were in elementary school -or were old enough to be in elementary school -in the 1990's, whereas the reference period for elementary schooling was the 1980's for mothers studied in 1996 and the 1970's for those studied in 1986. The modest improvement in water supply and sewage is a result of a slow expansion in the coverage of these public services.…”

The path of Brazilian social assistance policy post-1988: the significance of institutions and ideas

“…As other authors already pointed out (ALMEIDA, 2004;COSTA, 2009;DRAIBE, 2003), it is not possible to identify a continuous social and political project between the Cardoso and the Lula administrations. First, because the decisions and actions taken during the Cardoso administration failed to replace the fragmented and uncoordinated way that social assistance had inherited.…”

“…Our analysis is also guided by the concept of reform used by Draibe (2003), which is restricted "to cases in which the changes affected the principles, structures, tough rules of a given policy" (DRAIBE, 2003, p. 67; free translation). The author divides the reforms' analytical time into two phases: "the introduction -referred or confined to changes in the legal framework, in the new rules definition and even the initial institutional changes -and the implementation -referred to the execution process previously decided and initiated."…”

“…The author divides the reforms' analytical time into two phases: "the introduction -referred or confined to changes in the legal framework, in the new rules definition and even the initial institutional changes -and the implementation -referred to the execution process previously decided and initiated." (DRAIBE, 2003; free translation).…”

“…The new political context with a progressive administration having reached the federal government proved extremely favorable for the implementation of reforms that, according to Draibe (2003), would give continuity to the introductory reform expressed in the Federal Constitution and the Organic Law on Social Assistance. Lula's political project for social assistance included three dimensions: the regulation of social assistance, the construction of the administrative apparatus, and an institutional framework for providing social care services and income transfers.…”