A Novel Production of γ-Butyrolactone Catalyzed by Ruthenium Complexes

Potential of IRMS technology for tracing gamma-butyrolactone (GBL)

“…GBL production may include a purification step, generally a distillation, to obtain the product in a pure form [9]. Therefore, a possible isotope fractionation due to the thermodynamic isotope effect should also be considered [20].…”

“…The major portion of GBL is currently being produced via the dehydrogenation of 1,4-butanediol (1,4-BD) [4][5][6], which is manufactured from the reaction of acetylene with formaldehyde; this reaction is known as the Reppe process [7]. New manufacturing routes of GBL are based on the two-stage hydrogenation of economically attractive raw materials such as dimethyl maleate [8] or maleic anhydride [9][10][11]. Tetrahydrofurane can also be used as a precursor to synthesize GBL following a single oxidation step [12].…”

Highly Active and Selective Nickel–Platinum Catalyst for the Low Temperature Hydrogenation of Maleic Anhydride to Succinic Anhydride and Synthesis of Succinic Acid at 40 °C

“…The most possible deactivation is due to the formation of H 2 O during reaction. In the hydrogenation of MA to SA, an equivalent amount of H 2 O is always formed as a by-product which prevents the adsorption of malefic anhydride or decreases the concentration acid sites [17]. A relatively large amount of acid sites is helpful for hydrogenation reactions.…”

Highly selective conversion of maleic anhydride to γ-butyrolactone over Ni-supported catalysts prepared by precipitation–deposition method

“…Studies have been carried out both in liquid [3,[12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20] and gas phase [4,[21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29], as well as in supercritical CO 2 medium [30,31]. The liquid-phase hydrogenation of MA requires high temperatures and hydrogen pressures to obtain substantial GBL yields, and in most cases the use of solvents is needed.…”