A new ionic liquid surface‐imprinted polymer for selective solid‐phase‐extraction and determination of sulfonamides in environmental samples

Abstract

Toward improving the selective adsorption performance of molecularly imprinted polymers in strong polar solvents, in this work, a new ionic liquid functional monomer, 1‐butyl‐3‐vinylimidazolium bromide, was used to synthesize sulfamethoxazole imprinted polymer in methanol. The resulting molecularly imprinted polymer was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectra and scanning electron microscopy, and the rebinding mechanism of the molecularly imprinted polymer for sulfonamides was studied. A static equilibrium experiment revealed that the as‐obtained molecularly imprinted polymer had higher molecular recognition for sulfonamides (e.g., sulfamethoxazole, sulfamonomethoxine, and sulfadiazine) in methanol; however, its adsorption of interferent (e.g., diphenylamine, metronidazole, 2,4‐dichlorophenol, and m‐dihydroxybenzene) was quite low. 1H NMR spectroscopy indicated that the excellent recognition performance of the imprinted polymer was based primarily on hydrogen bond, electrostatic and π‐π interactions. Furthermore, the molecularly imprinted polymer can be employed as a solid phase extraction sorbent to effectively extract sulfamethoxazole from a mixed solution. Combined with high‐performance liquid chromatography analysis, a valid molecularly imprinted polymer‐solid phase extraction protocol was established for extraction and detection of trace sulfamethoxazole in spiked soil and sediment samples, and with a recovery that ranged from 93–107%, and a relative standard deviation of lower than 9.7%.

Sample Preparation Using Molecularly Imprinted Polymers

“…101,102 To provide a green synthesis process, another approach consists in preventing the direct use of a toxic cross-linking agent by producing it directly in the polymerization solution, such as it was done for formaldehyde through the hydrolysis of hexamethylenetetramine. 55 The use of ionic liquids as monomer 28,73,80,88 or porogen 103,104 can also be considered as a greener approach than the used of conventional monomers. Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) are also considered as a greenlike material.…”

“…MIP-SPE was recently applied to the trace analysis of target analytes, mainly pesticides, industrial contaminants, and drugs, from real waters, 28,81,83,[90][91][92]131,132,134,136 soil and sediment extracts, 67,73 and food extracts or beverages. 38,54,60,72,82,87,123,124,129,130,133,137,138 It was also used to extract natural products from food or plants 39,[55][56][57]70,86,103,121,127,139 to control their occurrence, such as for toxins, or to purify them.…”

A cellulose-based colour test-strip for equipment-free drug detection on-site: application to sulfadiazine in aquatic environment

“…The practical implementation of such strict control requires, however, an expeditious and cheap analytical method, capable of providing analytical data in real time (or near), on-site. Different works have been described for sulphonamide determination, most of which employing chromatographic systems with UV/vis [18][19][20][21][22][23][24] or mass spectrometry [25][26][27][28][29] detection schemes. These are typically unable to fulfil the basic requirements of this strict control.…”

One‐step polymerization of hydrophilic ionic liquid imprinted polymer in water for selective separation and detection of levofloxacin from environmental matrices

“…Ionic liquids (ILs) are unique compounds consisting of only anions and cations . Because of their special characteristics, including ultra‐low vapor pressure, high thermal/ chemical stability, and powerful dissolution ability , ILs have been widely applied in extraction, catalysts, and polymerization .…”