A Framework for Knowledge Discovery from Wireless Sensor Networks in Rural Environments: A Crop Irrigation Systems Case Study

Abstract

This paper presents the design and development of an innovative multiagent system based on virtual organizations. The multiagent system manages information from wireless sensor networks for knowledge discovery and decision making in rural environments. The multiagent system has been built over the cloud computing paradigm to provide better flexibility and higher scalability for handling both small-and large-scale projects. The development of wireless sensor network technology has allowed for its extension and application to the rural environment, where the lives of the people interacting with the environment can be improved. The use of "smart" technologies can also improve the efficiency and effectiveness of rural systems. The proposed multiagent system allows us to analyse data collected by sensors for decision making in activities carried out in a rural setting, thus, guaranteeing the best performance in the ecosystem. Since water is a scarce natural resource that should not be wasted, a case study was conducted in an agricultural environment to test the proposed system's performance in optimizing the irrigation system in corn crops. The architecture collects information about the terrain and the climatic conditions through a wireless sensor network deployed in the crops. This way, the architecture can learn about the needs of the crop and make efficient irrigation decisions. The obtained results are very promising when compared to a traditional automatic irrigation system.

IoT-Based Smart Irrigation Systems: An Overview on the Recent Trends on Sensors and IoT Systems for Irrigation in Precision Agriculture

“…These other nodes are the waspmote (Libelium Comunicaciones Distribuidas S.L., Zaragoza, Spain) [157], the crowduino (Elecrow, Shenzhen, China) [38,81], the LPC2387 (NXP Semiconductors, Eindhoven, The Netherlands) [135], the IPex16 from OdinS (Odin Solutions, S.L., Alcantarilla, Spain) [75], the Renesas (Renesas Technology, Tokyo, Japan) [78], the Mica (Harting Technologiegruppe, Espelkamp, Germany) mote [37], the eZ430-RF2500 (Texas Instruments, Dallas, Texas, USA) [179], the AESP ONE (Department of Innovation Engineering, University of Salento, Lecce, Italy) [94], the FORLINX OK6410 (Forlinx Embedded Tech. Co., Ltd., Baoding City, P. R China) [122], the BeagleBone Black (Waveshare Electronics, Shenzhen, P. R China) [95], the Edison (Intel, Santa Clara, California, USA) [29], the CC3200 Simple Link (Texas Instruments, Dallas, Texas, USA) [62,180] and the CC1310 (Texas Furthermore, there are other less popular nodes utilized by other IoT irrigation proposals. These other nodes are the waspmote (Libelium Comunicaciones Distribuidas S.L., Zaragoza, Spain) [157], the crowduino (Elecrow, Shenzhen, China) [38,81], the LPC2387 (NXP Semiconductors, Eindhoven, The Netherlands) [135], the IPex16 from OdinS (Odin Solutions, S.L., Alcantarilla, Spain) [75], the Renesas (Renesas Technology, Tokyo, Japan) [78], the Mica (Harting Technologiegruppe, Espelkamp, Germany) mote [37], the eZ430-RF2500 (Texas Instruments, Dallas, Texas, USA) [179], the AESP ONE (Department of Innovation Engineering, University of Salento, Lecce, Italy) [94], the FORLINX OK6410 (Forlinx Embedded Tech.…”

A Cost Analysis of Internet of Things Sensor Data Storage on Blockchain via Smart Contracts

“…The Internet of Things (IoT) is a term that encompasses the development of Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS) that collect, share data and perform actions on some type of physical process while connected to the Internet. Some IoT application areas include smart cities, intelligent transportation, entertainment, security, agriculture [6], and healthcare [7]. For example, the use of IoT technologies can improve the efficiency and effectiveness of rural systems [6], and IoT-enabled systems can deal with elderly monitoring and introduce a hierarchical model for elderly-centered monitoring [8].…”

“…Some IoT application areas include smart cities, intelligent transportation, entertainment, security, agriculture [6], and healthcare [7]. For example, the use of IoT technologies can improve the efficiency and effectiveness of rural systems [6], and IoT-enabled systems can deal with elderly monitoring and introduce a hierarchical model for elderly-centered monitoring [8]. Combined with advances in artificial intelligence, the IoT is having a significant impact on how consumers perform various activities in their daily lives especially in terms of making many of these activities a lot easier to perform.…”

“…IoT systems can be classified into two broad categories: special-purpose IoT and consumer IoT. Special-purpose IoT systems are developed to satisfy the application requirements in specific realms (e.g., supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) systems, supply chain, smart agriculture [6]), and they require access to dedicated companies. In contrast, consumer IoT systems are easily acquired by the general public, and they generally include wearables, smart homes, and mobile IoT [10,11].…”

Reuse of Waste Energy from Power Plants in Greenhouses through MAS‐Based Architecture

“…Two of the four greenhouses have an architectural structure of type A-frame and the other two of type Arch. The cultivation of peppers requires very specific climatic conditions, this culture that can not be subjected to temperatures lower than 13 ∘ C and higher than 40 ∘ C. The cultivation of peppers requires frequent irrigation but spaced in time (three or four days) just after being transplanted and every week of summer through drip irrigation, the humidity of the crop should not be excessive [33]. In Table 1 we can observe the characteristics in terms of temperature of pepper crop.…”