A First Look at Commercial 5G Performance on Smartphones

Narayanan, Arvind; Ramadan, Eman; Carpenter, Jason; Liu, Qingxu; Liu, Yu; Qian, Feng; Zhang, Zhili

doi:10.1145/3366423.3380169

Cited by 186 publications

(93 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…However, when a wireless technology change occurs, for example, from 5G to 4G, it is called a vertical handover. Experiments in [54] exhibit that both handovers can degrade the performance of the network, though this effect can be severe in vertical ones.…”

Section: A Handover and Beamformingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The static mode can create persistent conditions and reduce the quality of the received signal by a UE intensely. Moreover, employing handover can reduce the negative effect of blockage by changing the associated gNB and keeping the connection on [19,21,54,55].…”

Section: B Blockage and Misalignmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In addition to simulations, practical testings are paramount in achieving a clear view of a problem, which could happen after the implementation of 5G networks. As a result, one of the first practical evaluations of the commercial 5G mmWave networks was done in [54]. The test was conducted through the first world's commercial 5G in Chicago and Minneapolis provided by Verizon since April 2019.…”

Section: A a Deeper Investigationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The simulation results in [21,55] and the practical testing output in [54] revealed that TCP's functionality could be impaired in several aspects including, throughput, latency, and congestion windows adjusting. As a consequence, for benefiting 5G mmWave full potential, some efforts should be made.…”

Section: A a Deeper Investigationmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Challenges on the Way of Implementing TCP Over 5G Networks

Poorzare

Calveras

2020

IEEE Access

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5G cellular communication, especially with its hugely available bandwidth provided by millimeter-wave, is a promising technology to fulfill the coming high demand for vast data rates. These networks can support new use cases such as Vehicle to Vehicle and augmented reality due to its novel features such as network slicing along with the mmWave multigigabit-per-second data rate. Nevertheless, 5G cellular networks suffer from some shortcomings, especially in high frequencies because of the intermittent nature of channels when the frequency rises. Non-line of sight state, is one of the significant issues that the new generation encounters. This drawback is because of the intense susceptibility of higher frequencies to blockage caused by obstacles and misalignment. This unique characteristic can impair the performance of the reliable transport layer widely deployed protocol, TCP, in attaining high throughput and low latency throughout a fair network. As a result, the protocol needs to adjust the congestion window size based on the current situation of the network. However, TCP is not able to adjust its congestion window efficiently, and it leads to throughput degradation of the protocol. This paper presents a comprehensive analysis of reliable end-to-end communications in 5G networks. It provides the analysis of the effects of TCP in 5G mmWave networks, the discussion of TCP mechanisms and parameters involved in the performance over 5G networks, and a survey of current challenges, solutions, and proposals. Finally, a feasibility analysis proposal of machine learning-based approaches to improve reliable end-to-end communications in 5G networks is presented. INDEX TERMS 5G, end-to-end reliability, mmWave, TCP ANNA CALVERAS AUGÉ was born in Barcelona, Spain, in 1969. She obtained a Ph.D. in Telecommunications Engineering from the Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Spain, in 2000. She is an associate professor at the mentioned University, at the Computer Networks Department, in the Wireless Networks Group (WNG). Her research interests and expertise areas comprise the design, evaluation, and optimization of communications protocols and architectures for cellular, wireless multihop networks, ad-hoc networks, wireless sensor networks, the Internet of Things, and application domains such as smart cities, building automation, satellite and emergency environments. She has been involved in several National and International research or technology transfer projects, and she has published in International and National conferences and journals.

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Section: A Handover and Beamformingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: B Blockage and Misalignmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: A a Deeper Investigationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: A a Deeper Investigationmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Challenges on the Way of Implementing TCP Over 5G Networks

Poorzare

Calveras

2020

IEEE Access

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“…This is particularly noticeable in 5G, where in Frequency Range 2 (FR2), carriers above 24 GHz are utilized in combination with contiguous bandwidths of up to 400 MHz. Early commercial deployments in the US have demonstrated data rates beyond 1 Gbps [1]. The same increases in bandwidth and carrier frequency also have direct benefits for positioning [2].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

5G SLAM Using the Clustering and Assignment Approach with Diffuse Multipath

Wen

Kim

et al. 2020

Sensors

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5G communication systems operating above 24 GHz have promising properties for user localization and environment mapping. Existing studies have either relied on simplified abstract models of the signal propagation and the measurements, or are based on direct positioning approaches, which directly map the received waveform to a position. In this study, we consider an intermediate approach, which consists of four phases—downlink data transmission, multi-dimensional channel estimation, channel parameter clustering, and simultaneous localization and mapping (SLAM) based on a novel likelihood function. This approach can decompose the problem into simpler steps, thus leading to lower complexity. At the same time, by considering an end-to-end processing chain, we are accounting for a wide variety of practical impairments. Simulation results demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed approach.

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Next generation of microservices for the 5G Service‐Based Architecture

et al. 2020

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The architecture for 5G core includes a Service-Based Architecture for the diverse network functions (NFs), which relies on HTTP/2 for the SBI and TCP as the underlying transport protocol. The specifications of the HTTP family is moving towards more efficient and secure protocols, which are based on UDP to assure enhanced transport but using TLS to secure the communication channel. The next generation of microservices needs to be more secure, performant and easily manageable, where HTTP/3 and containers orchestration platforms (like Kubernetes) can provide significative contributions towards such goals. Different deployment approaches can be followed for services implemented in compliance to the 5G SBA. This paper contributes with the assessment of deployment models for services in 5G networks, where NFs are implemented following traditional architectures (all the functions in a VM) or as serverless architectures (with functions distributed in containers). The performance of microservices in Kubernetes is also evaluated. The evaluation conducted also considers the employment of different versions of HTTPs to empower the service-based interfaces of 5G services. Results demonstrate performance benefits of employing HTTP/3, based on QUIC protocol, in scenarios with networks characterised by losses or delay conditions. Despite such gain, deployment in 5G networks needs to carefully consider aspects related with connection tracking mechanisms to support high volumes of requests.

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A First Look at Commercial 5G Performance on Smartphones

Cited by 186 publications

References 33 publications

Challenges on the Way of Implementing TCP Over 5G Networks

Challenges on the Way of Implementing TCP Over 5G Networks

5G SLAM Using the Clustering and Assignment Approach with Diffuse Multipath

Next generation of microservices for the 5G Service‐Based Architecture

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