A Decentralized Functional Observer Based Optimal LFC Considering Unknown Inputs, Uncertainties, and Cyber-Attacks

Alhelou, Hassan Haes; Golshan, Mohamad Esmail Hamedani; Hatziargyriou, Nikos D.

doi:10.1109/tpwrs.2019.2916558

Cited by 94 publications

(30 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…The AGC models using a decentralized approach in continuous and discrete power system models are discussed in the literature. The authors in [43] presented a decentralized optimal AGC in a three-area power system with appropriate non-linearities, which has resulted in a reduced frequency oscillation to an appropriate degree and has maintained the interchange power at minimal values. Furthermore, observers are being developed in each area of the power system to approximate the signal applied to each power plant.…”

Section: Decentralized Controllersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Automatic Generation Control Strategies in Conventional and Modern Power Systems: A Comprehensive Overview

et al. 2021

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Automatic generation control (AGC) is primarily responsible for ensuring the smooth and efficient operation of an electric power system. The main goal of AGC is to keep the operating frequency under prescribed limits and maintain the interchange power at the intended level. Therefore, an AGC system must be supplemented with modern and intelligent control techniques to provide adequate power supply. This paper provides a comprehensive overview of various AGC models in diverse configurations of the power system. Initially, the history of power system AGC models is explored and the basic operation of AGC in a multi-area interconnected power system is presented. An in-depth analysis of various control methods used to mitigate the AGC issues is provided. Application of fast-acting energy storage devices, high voltage direct current (HVDC) interconnections, and flexible AC transmission systems (FACTS) devices in the AGC systems are investigated. Furthermore, AGC systems employed in different renewable energy generation systems are overviewed and are summarized in tabulated form. AGC techniques in different configurations of microgrid and smart grid are also presented in detail. A thorough overview of various AGC issues in a deregulated power system is provided by considering the different contract scenarios. Moreover, AGC systems with an additional objective of economic dispatch is investigated and an overview of worldwide AGC practices is provided. Finally, the paper concludes with an emphasis on the prospective study in the field of AGC.

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Section: Decentralized Controllersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Automatic Generation Control Strategies in Conventional and Modern Power Systems: A Comprehensive Overview

et al. 2021

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“…Unknown input observer based schemes reported in [47] are used to determine and mitigate false data injection attack. Functional observer based methodologies for optimal LFC operation under cyber-attack are also introduced in [48,49]. False data injection detection can be analyzed under reachability framework where the attacker acquires access to the states of the power system [50].…”

Section: False Data Injection Preventionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cybersecurity Analysis of Load Frequency Control in Power Systems: A Survey

Saxena

Bhatia

Gupta

2021

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Today, power systems have transformed considerably and taken a new shape of geographically distributed systems from the locally centralized systems thereby leading to a new infrastructure in the framework of networked control cyber-physical system (CPS). Among the different important operations to be performed for smooth generation, transmission, and distribution of power, maintaining the scheduled frequency, against any perturbations, is an important one. The load frequency control (LFC) operation actually governs this frequency regulation activity after the primary control. Due to CPS nature, the LFC operation is vulnerable to attacks, both from physical and cyber standpoints. The cyber-attack strategies ranges from a variety of attacks such as jamming the network communication, time-delay attack, and false data injection. Motivated by these perspectives, this paper studies the cybersecurity issues of the power systems during the LFC operation, and a survey is conducted on the security analysis of LFC. Various cyber-attack strategies, their mathematical models, and vulnerability assessments are performed to understand the possible threats and sources causing failure of frequency regulation. The LFC operation of two-area power systems is considered as a tutorial example to quantify the vulnerabilities. Mitigation strategies through control theoretic approaches are then reviewed and highlighted for LFC operation under cyber-attack.

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“…Additionally, many robust, optimal and intelligent control techniques have been discussed as load frequency controllers [7]- [12]. Additionally, a novel, unknown input functional observer-based optimizer has been presented in [13].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Adaptive Load Frequency Control of Power Systems Using Electro-Search Optimization Supported by the Balloon Effect

2020

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The goal of this paper is to introduce an adaptive load frequency control (LFC) technique for power systems. The concept of the proposed adaptive technique is built on the on-line tuning of the gain of an integral controller using Electro-Search optimization (ESO) supported by a modification called the 'balloon effect'. The main target is to regulate the frequency of isolated and interconnected power systems. The balloon effect is designed to obtain the input/output signals of the power system plant at any moment; then, these signals are utilized to calculate the value of the open loop transfer function of the plant at the same time. This will emphatically affect the specified objective function of the ESO approach and increase its sensitivity to and effect on system difficulties such as system step load changes, parameter uncertainties and the effect of the penetrations resulting from renewable sources. Delayed time resulting from the communication process between the area and control center is considered in the dynamic model of interconnected MGs, and nonlinearities, such as governor dead bands (GDBs) and generation rate constraints (GRCs), are included in the simulation model. The simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness and success of the proposed controller tuned by the ESO approach with a balloon effect and provide better performance of frequency regulation than a fixed controller, as well as other methods such as standard Jaya and ESO methods. INDEX TERMS Load frequency control, microgrid, electro-search technique, balloon effect, adaptive control.

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A Decentralized Functional Observer Based Optimal LFC Considering Unknown Inputs, Uncertainties, and Cyber-Attacks

Cited by 94 publications

References 35 publications

Automatic Generation Control Strategies in Conventional and Modern Power Systems: A Comprehensive Overview

Automatic Generation Control Strategies in Conventional and Modern Power Systems: A Comprehensive Overview

Cybersecurity Analysis of Load Frequency Control in Power Systems: A Survey

Adaptive Load Frequency Control of Power Systems Using Electro-Search Optimization Supported by the Balloon Effect

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