Automatic Generation Control Strategies in Conventional and Modern Power Systems: A Comprehensive Overview

Abstract

Automatic generation control (AGC) is primarily responsible for ensuring the smooth and efficient operation of an electric power system. The main goal of AGC is to keep the operating frequency under prescribed limits and maintain the interchange power at the intended level. Therefore, an AGC system must be supplemented with modern and intelligent control techniques to provide adequate power supply. This paper provides a comprehensive overview of various AGC models in diverse configurations of the power system. Initially, the history of power system AGC models is explored and the basic operation of AGC in a multi-area interconnected power system is presented. An in-depth analysis of various control methods used to mitigate the AGC issues is provided. Application of fast-acting energy storage devices, high voltage direct current (HVDC) interconnections, and flexible AC transmission systems (FACTS) devices in the AGC systems are investigated. Furthermore, AGC systems employed in different renewable energy generation systems are overviewed and are summarized in tabulated form. AGC techniques in different configurations of microgrid and smart grid are also presented in detail. A thorough overview of various AGC issues in a deregulated power system is provided by considering the different contract scenarios. Moreover, AGC systems with an additional objective of economic dispatch is investigated and an overview of worldwide AGC practices is provided. Finally, the paper concludes with an emphasis on the prospective study in the field of AGC.

Rebate Auction Mechanisms for Bidirectional Grid Balancing Using Cloud Workload Migrations

“…ED decides the operational set-points of the activated generation units selected by UC to minimize their operating cost and ensure that the balancing constraint is always met [12], [13]. AGC is a closed-loop feedback protocol that adjusts the output of the grid's operating reserves (flexible generation capacity) to balance against real-time demand variations [14], [15].…”

“…Each BA is managed by a local utility company (shown as the "Grid") that uses conventional as well as renewable energy sources and is responsible for maintaining local grid balance. BAs use existing UC, ED, AGC, and DR balancing approaches (as described in Section I) to maintain local balance and zero power flow on the tie-lines [15]. All BAs within the same interconnection are governed by a central ISO that has a global view of the system, runs the different energy markets within the interconnection, and must approve all systemwide operations to ensure reliable power delivery [38].…”

“…The VRA auction implementation was encoded as a MILP (Eqs. [6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16] and solved to optimality to maintain its truthfulness property. Such a setting is known to be NP-hard by a reduction from the Multidimensional Knapsack Problem (MKP) [53] given the capacity constraints along the different resource dimensions of the datacenters where workloads must be scheduled.…”

Rank-Sum-Weight Method Based Systematic Determination of Weights for Controller Tuning for Automatic Generation Control

“…Performance indices such as integral of absolute error (IAE) [28], [39], an integral of squared error (ISE) [32], [44], an integral of time multiplied absolute error (ITAE) [45], [46], an integral of time multiplied square error (ITSE) [45], [46] are used to formulate objective functions for tuning controller settings. Frequency deviations, tie-line power variations, and area control errors (ACEs) of interconnected areas are all examined using these performance indicators.…”

Automatic Generation Control in Modern Power Systems with Wind Power and Electric Vehicles

“…Over the past decade, intensified research work was conducted in both academia and industry to develop ancillary services for wind power plants systems [4][5][6][7][8][9][10]. The authors in [4] presented the results from various tests to evaluate the performance of an 800 kW, IEC Type 4 wind turbine (located in Regina, SK, Canada) in providing the secondary frequency response (AGC).…”