A Critical Review on Charging Technologies of Electric Vehicles

Abstract

The enormous number of automobiles across the world has caused a significant increase in emissions of greenhouse gases, which pose a grave and mounting threat to modern life by escalating global warming and polluting air quality. These adverse effects of climate change have motivated the automotive sector to reform and have pushed the drive towards the transformation to fully electric. Charging time has been identified as one of the key barriers in large-scale applications of Electric Vehicles (EVs). In addition, various challenges are associated with the formulation of a safe charging scheme, which is concerned with appropriate charging converter architecture, with the aim of ensuring a safe charging protocol within a range of 5–10 min. This paper provides a systematic review of thharging technologies and their impacts on battery systems, including charger converter design and associated limitations. Furthermore, the knowledge gap and research directions are provided with regard to the challenges associated with the charger converter architecture design at the systems level.

Challenges and Barriers of Wireless Charging Technologies for Electric Vehicles

“…Vehicle-to-grid (V2G) is a well-known application for EVs, representing power delivery to the electrical grid. H. Nguyen et al performed an in-depth analysis of V2G technology's integration and coordination with conductive charging methods [190][191][192][193][194][195][196]. Flexibility, automated charging, and bidirectional discharging are necessary components for a V2G integration.…”

Review of Electric Vehicle Charging Technologies, Standards, Architectures, and Converter Configurations

“…Therefore, Level 1 charging is appropriate for long-time or overnight charging. Level 1 chargers generally required about 11-36 hours for 1.9 kW charging power for a 16-50 kWh EV battery [50]. The primary charging method for private and public facilities is Level 2 charger, as they have comparatively fast charging abilities.…”

“…DC fast chargers are directly connected to the vehicle via off-board chargers to the threephase power grid. Charging time of 90 kW or larger Level 3 charger is range 0.2 -0.5 hours which is faster than Level 1 and 2 [50]. CHAdeMO, Tesla superchargers and CCS combo 1, 3 connectors are considered for level 3 fast charging.…”

A critical review on contemporary power electronics interface topologies to vehicle‐to‐grid technology: Prospects, challenges, and directions

“…They are not a feasible choice for lengthy travel distances due to their long charging periods. Level-3 chargers are also known as "speedy chargers" or fast DC charging systems'' [120], since they can charge an EV battery within 30 min or less and are suitable for commercial zones [140]. The performance of conductive systems varies according to the proficiency of the converter topologies, location, and charging or discharging time [141].…”

“…It is based on the AC or DC fast‐charging (< 30 min) technique, as shown in Figure 25b, which is usually valuable for high power (ranging from 20 to 400 kW) and reasonable for commercial practice. Higher power transfer, sophisticated structures, weight reduction from an EV, fast charging, and considerable driving range are the key features [120]. DC fast charging infrastructure is mainly an off‐board structure due to its high power implementation and can be integrated with DC RESs.…”