Review of Electric Vehicle Charging Technologies, Standards, Architectures, and Converter Configurations

Abstract

Electric Vehicles (EVs) are projected to be one of the major contributors to energy transition in global transportation due to their rapid expansion. High-level of EVs integration into the electricity grid will introduce many challenges for the power grid planning, operation, stability, standards, and safety. Therefore, the wide-scale adoption of EVs imposes research and development of charging systems and EV supply equipment (EVSE) to achieve expected charging solutions for EV batteries as well as to improve ancillary services. Analysis of the status of EV charging technologies is important to accelerate EV adoption with advanced control strategies to discover a remedial solution for negative impacts and to enhance desired charging efficiency and grid support. This paper presents a comprehensive review of EV charging technologies, international standards, the architecture of EV charging stations, and the power converter configurations of EV charging systems. The charging systems require a dedicated converter topology, a control strategy, compatibility with standards, and grid codes for charging and discharging to ensure optimum operation and enhance grid support. An overview of different charging systems in terms of onboard and offboard chargers, AC-DC and DC-DC converter configuration, and AC and DC-based charging station architectures are evaluated. In addition, recent charging systems which are integrated with renewable energy sources are presented to identify the power train of modern charging stations. Finally, future trends and challenges in EV charging and grid integration issues are summarized as the future direction of the research.INDEX TERMS Electric vehicle, charging configuration, grid integration, international standards, onboard and offboard charger, power converters.

Mechanism Behind the Loss of Fast Charging Capability in Nickel‐Rich Cathode Materials

“…One of the technical barriers for the adoption of EVs by potential new owners is the prolonged charging time of EVs; while refueling an ICEV takes less than 10 min, charging an EV can take a considerable amount of time, ranging from a minimum of 30 min (Level 3 charger) to 20 h (Level 1 charger). [2,3] Recently, an extreme fast charging (XFC) technology has emerged, which is capable of providing a charging power of 300 kW or more, achieving an 80 % state of charge (SOC) in 15 min. This XFC technology offers consumers the same refueling experience as conventional vehicles.…”

“…However, the challenges associated with LIBs, such as high cost, safety concerns, and range anxiety (limited driving range and long charging time), prevent EVs from replacing ICEVs. One of the technical barriers for the adoption of EVs by potential new owners is the prolonged charging time of EVs; while refueling an ICEV takes less than 10 min, charging an EV can take a considerable amount of time, ranging from a minimum of 30 min (Level 3 charger) to 20 h (Level 1 charger) [2,3] . Recently, an extreme fast charging (XFC) technology has emerged, which is capable of providing a charging power of 300 kW or more, achieving an 80 % state of charge (SOC) in 15 min.…”