A Comprehensive Insight Towards Pharmaceutical Aspects of Graphene Nanosheets

Abstract

: Graphene derivatives (GDs) have captured the interest and imagination of pharmaceutical scientists. This review exclusively provides pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics information with a special focus on biopharmaceuticals. GDs can be applied as multipurpose pharmaceutical delivery systems due to their ultra-high surface area, flexibility, and fast mobility of charge carriers. Improved effects, targeted delivery to tissues, controlled release profiles, visualization of biodistribution and clearance, and overcoming drug resistance are examples of the benefits of GDs. This review also focused on the application of GDs for the delivery of biopharmaceuticals and some challenges on the way to the commercialization of GDs were discussed.

The Development of an Amperometric Enzyme Biosensor Based on a Polyaniline‐Multiwalled Carbon Nanocomposite for the Detection of a Chemotherapeutic Agent in Serum Samples from Patients

“…The spectra of activated MWCNT and Nafion were also presented. The infrared bands are in agreement with those given in the literature for PANI [24,25]. The two vibrations of pure polyaniline at 1288 and 1244 cm -1 are assigned to the stretching of the C-N bonds of the aromatic amine.…”

“…They mentioned engineering photoactive materials through photoelectric conversion, which involves kinetics and thermodynamics and conversion efficiency. Semiconductor-carbon heterojunction such as multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) and single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) can improve charge separation/transfer in electrochemical biosensors [25,26]. The introduction of MWCNTs into the PANI matrix [27] and MWCNT into Nafion [28] and their application to construct biosensors were repeatedly reported.…”

Antibacterial Effects of Green-Synthesized Silver Nanoparticles Using Ferula asafoetida against Acinetobacter baumannii Isolated from the Hospital Environment and Assessment of Their Cytotoxicity on the Human Cell Lines

“…The superior antibacterial activity of Fer@AgNP compared to its chemically synthesized counterpart may be attributed to the smaller size of NPs, which offers a larger surface/volume ratio and results in their superior binding and transfer through the bacterial membrane or cellular proximity [47]. Besides, higher colloidal stability helps Fer@AgNP to be better distributed in biological environments as compared to AgNPs and to aggregate less [48][49][50]; this phenomenon increases the probability of NPs passing through biological membranes.…”

Functionalization of Graphene Oxide Nanosheets Can Reduce Their Cytotoxicity to Dental Pulp Stem Cells

“…nGO may be considered as a threat due to its cytotoxicity. Thus, it is necessary to realize every aspect of its toxicity on hDPSCs before using it as a scaffold for pulp revascularization or any type of bioapplications to achieve a healthy and clean environment [15][16][17]. Many studies on the cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of nGO on different cell lines and animal models have confirmed its significant cytotoxicity [18][19][20].…”