A comprehensive comparison of Virtual Synchronous Generators with focus on virtual inertia and frequency regulation

Mallemaci, Vincenzo; Mandrile, Fabio; Rubino, Sandro; Mazza, Andrea; Carpaneto, Enrico; Bojoi, Radu

doi:10.1016/j.epsr.2021.107516

Cited by 70 publications

(27 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…where δ I is the inverter electric angle, D is the droop gain, p m,I,set is the exogenous power setpoint, p m,I is the filtered power, ω I is the inverter frequency, ω f il is the power measurement cutoff frequency, and p meas,I is the measured, instantaneous power output. This control approach leverages the natural frequency-droop characteristics of inductive networks to distribute power perturbations amongst devices on the network [21]. Conspicuously absent as a control variable in the frequency dynamics of the GFM is ω I .…”

Section: B Frequency Response Of Grid-forming Invertersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Droop-e: Exponential Droop as a Function of Power Output for Grid-Forming Inverters with Autonomous Power Sharing

Kenyon¹,

Sajadi²

2022

Preprint

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This paper presents the novel Droop-e grid-forming inverter control strategy, which establishes an active powerfrequency relationship based on an exponential function of the inverter power dispatch. The advantages of this control strategy include an increased utilization of available headroom, mitigated system frequency dynamics, and a natural limiting behavior, all of which are directly compared to the hitherto standard static droop approach. First, the small signal stability of the Droop-e control is assessed on a 3-bus system and found stable across all possible inverter power dispatches. Then, time-domain simulations show improved frequency dynamics at lower power dispatches, and a limiting behavior at higher dispatches. Finally, a novel secondary control scheme is introduced that achieves power sharing following the primary Droop-e response to load perturbations, which is shown to be effective in time-domain simulations of the 3-and 9-bus systems; comparative simulations with a static 5% droop yields unacceptable frequency deviations, highlighting the superiority of the Droop-e control.

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Section: B Frequency Response Of Grid-forming Invertersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Droop-e: Exponential Droop as a Function of Power Output for Grid-Forming Inverters with Autonomous Power Sharing

Kenyon¹,

Sajadi²

2022

Preprint

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“…This fact has been surprisingly seldom addressed [23], [26]. Finally, it is interesting to note that there can be found equivalence between these three, and in particular between VSM and droop-based, approaches [30], [31], [32], [33].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Some adopt fairly simple (first-order transfer functions), while others use high-order synchronous machine models. The former do not represent synchronous machine dynamics fully and later suffer from stability issues [30], [31]. The most important deficiency of these algorithms is that they usually do not implement classical current loops, which means that current limiting, and generally management, is hard to realize, i.e.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mitigation of Voltage and Frequency Excursions in Low-Inertia Microgrids

et al. 2023

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Power systems proliferated by distributed generation sources are becoming increasingly prone to frequency and voltage disturbances. These problems are exacerbated in microgrids since they have fewer intrinsic disturbance-rejecting measures and features. To increase the reliability and stability of emerging power systems, the advanced control structures of the distributed generation sources based on power electronics devices must be deployed during suboptimal operating conditions. The aggravating circumstance is that both voltage and frequency excursion can be transient and long-lasting and consequently can occur simultaneously. The algorithm proposed in this paper integrates voltage support (nominal voltage restoration) and inertia emulation features with the comprehensive current references management scheme, thus securing improved grid operating conditions during several different faults and occurrences. The control algorithm is developed and tested in the context of a small microgrid, but it can be applied with minimal alterations in traditional grids, also. To prove that it is possible to decrease simultaneously voltage unbalances and frequency deviations, a test microgrid consisting of a synchronous generator, photovoltaic system, battery storage system, and controllable balanced and unbalanced loads was developed in a hardware-in-the-loop environment.

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“…In conclusion, since the synchronverter does not have the physical limitations of a real synchronous generator (SG), its embedded parameters can be adjusted freely and online [26]. Although the synchronverter helps to support inertia in weak grid conditions [27], its main disadvantage is the inability to adjust the dynamic response speed of the active power loop (APL) without affecting the characteristics of the steady-state frequency droop.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Microgrid Stability Improvement Using a Deep Neural Network Controller Based VSG

Mohammadreza

Tavakoli

Samanfar

2022

International Transactions on Electrical Energy Systems

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In order to support the inertia of a microgrid, virtual synchronous generator control is a suitable control method. However, the use of the virtual synchronous generator control leads to unacceptable transient active power sharing, active power oscillations, and the inverter output power oscillation in the event of a disturbance. This study aims to propose a deep neural network controller which combines the features of a restricted Boltzmann machine and a multilayer neural network. To initialize a multilayer neural network in the unsupervised pretraining method, the restricted Boltzmann machine is applied as a very important part of the deep learning controller. The Lyapunov stability method is used to update the weight of the deep neural network controller. The proposed method performs power oscillation damping and frequency stabilization. The experimental and simulation results are presented to assess the usefulness of the suggested method in damping oscillations and frequency stabilization.

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A comprehensive comparison of Virtual Synchronous Generators with focus on virtual inertia and frequency regulation

Cited by 70 publications

References 21 publications

Droop-e: Exponential Droop as a Function of Power Output for Grid-Forming Inverters with Autonomous Power Sharing

Droop-e: Exponential Droop as a Function of Power Output for Grid-Forming Inverters with Autonomous Power Sharing

Mitigation of Voltage and Frequency Excursions in Low-Inertia Microgrids

Microgrid Stability Improvement Using a Deep Neural Network Controller Based VSG

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