A breakdown of event schemas in patients with schizophrenia: an examination of their script for dining at restaurants

Chan, Agnes S.; Chiu, Helen F. K.; Lam, Linda C.W.; Pang, Alan Lap‐Yin; Chow, Lok Yee

doi:10.1016/s0165-1781(99)00051-7

Cited by 26 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…They may know "how to dress appropriately," "how to order," "how to behave during the meal," and even "how to pay for the bill." Indeed, there is even evidence showing "restaurant script" impairment in schizophrenics both on recall (i.e., recalling the elements of a typical restaurant experience) and ordering (i.e., correctly arranging the elements of a typical restaurant script) tasks (Chan et al 1999). More generally, recent neuroscientific studies (e.g., Funnell 2001) suggest that semantic memory is organized in terms of script-like features.…”

Section: Scripts and Normsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Economic Transactions among Friends

Mandel

2006

Journal of Conflict Resolution

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Two experiments tested the idea that economic transactions among friends are influenced by a norm of generosity. Whereas a fairness norm ought to promote agreement in offers between buyers and sellers, a generosity norm should promote altruistic disagreements caused by sellers offering lower prices than buyers—a reversal of the well-known endowment effect. Supporting the present account, in both studies, offers among friends showed a reversal of the endowment effect. Moreover, disagreement in buying and selling offers was stronger among friends than among acquaintances, and (in study 2) the perceived generosity of offers, but not their perceived fairness, mediated this effect. Finally, both studies demonstrated that generosity is asymmetric: whereas selling offers among friends were generous by all comparative standards, buying offers were not.

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Section: Scripts and Normsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Economic Transactions among Friends

Mandel

2006

Journal of Conflict Resolution

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“…Previous research has assessed social knowledge in schizophrenia by asking patients to answer questions about general social issues (e.g., why do you think the divorce rate is going up? Cutting and Murphy, 1990 , Muñoz et al, 1992 , Upthegrove et al, 2002 ), recall sequences of typical behaviors in routine social scripts (e.g., going to the supermarket; Chan et al, 1999 , Matsui et al, 2006 , Matsui et al, 2009 ), or identify roles, rules, and goals in social scenarios ( Addington and Piskulic, 2011 , Addington et al, 2006 ). In all such tasks, patients with schizophrenia perform worse than healthy controls.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Social cognition and social judgment in schizophrenia

Langdon

Connors

Connaughton

2014

Schizophrenia Research: Cognition

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Schizophrenia typically involves poor social functioning. This may be due, in part, to deficits in theory-of-mind, the cognitive ability to reason flexibly about the mental states of others. Patients also have deficits in social knowledge. It is currently unclear how these two impairments interrelate in schizophrenia. To address this issue, 43 patients with schizophrenia and 25 healthy controls completed two theory-of-mind tests and a novel test of social judgment. This latter measure required participants to judge whether various social behaviors were normal or reasonable in the context in which the behaviors occurred. Whereas patients demonstrated clear deficits in theory-of-mind, they performed similarly to controls when judging socially appropriate behaviors and violations of social norms. Patients, however, were less likely than controls to judge social behavior as reasonable when the behavior was impolite but understandable if the characters’ thoughts were taken into account. This latter difficulty correlated with patients’ performance deficits on the theory-of-mind tasks. Overall, findings suggest that basic social knowledge is intact in schizophrenia, though judgments of social behavior are affected by patients’ theory-of-mind deficits.

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“…In schizophrenia, an underutilization of goal-related action requirements may lead to an inability to structure individual actions into multi-step, goal-directed behaviors. Consistent with this possibility, a number of studies showed that schizophrenia patients are impaired in comprehending relationships between goal-directed events and ordering events in goal-directed sequences (Chan et al, 1999; Corrigan and Addis, 1995; Corrigan et al, 1992; Matsui et al, 2006). In these studies, associative knowledge of real-world activities was reported to be relatively intact: patients were able to recall frequent components of real-world activities, and distinguish between components that were and were not associated with a given activity.…”

Section: Conclusion: Two Semantic Neurocognitive Mechanisms and Tmentioning

confidence: 87%

Neurocognitive mechanisms of conceptual processing in healthy adults and patients with schizophrenia☆

Sitnikova

Perrone

Goff

et al. 2010

International Journal of Psychophysiology

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This overview outlines findings of cognitive and neurocognitive studies on comprehension of verbal, pictorial, and video stimuli in healthy participants and patients with schizophrenia. We present evidence for a distinction between two complementary neurocognitive streams of conceptual analysis during comprehension. In familiar situations, adequate understanding of events may be achieved by mapping the perceived information on the associative and similarity-based connections between concepts in semantic memory -a process reflected by an N400 waveform of event-related electrophysiological potentials (ERPs). However, in less conventional contexts, a more flexible mechanism may be needed. We suggest that this alternative processing stream, reflected by a P600 ERP waveform, may use discrete, rule-like goal-related requirements of real-world actions to comprehend relationships between the perceived people, objects, and actions. This neurocognitive model of comprehension is used as a basis in discussing relevant studies in schizophrenia. These studies suggest an imbalanced engagement of the two neurocognitive streams in schizophrenia, whereby patients may rely on the associative and similarity-based networks in semantic memory even when it would be more adaptive to recruit mechanisms that draw upon goal-related requirements. Finally, we consider the roles that these conceptual mechanisms may play in real-life behavior, and the consequences that their dysfunction may have for disorganized behavior and inability to plan actions to achieve behavioral goals in schizophrenia. Imbalanced KeywordsReal-world cognition; schizophrenia; comprehension of verbal and non-verbal information; eventrelated potentials

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A breakdown of event schemas in patients with schizophrenia: an examination of their script for dining at restaurants

Cited by 26 publications

References 32 publications

Economic Transactions among Friends

Economic Transactions among Friends

Social cognition and social judgment in schizophrenia

Neurocognitive mechanisms of conceptual processing in healthy adults and patients with schizophrenia☆

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