A Breakdown in Simultaneous Information Processing

The dark side of visual awareness in sport: Inattentional blindness in a real-world basketball task

“…To our knowledge, this study is the first to address this question. We replicated the findings of previous studies showing that an attentiondemanding task can even disrupt performance in highly practiced activities, such as driving (Most & Astur, 2007;Strayer et al, 2003), flying (Haines, 1991), or even simple walking (Hyman, Boss, Wise, McKenzie, & Caggiano, in press). Beyond this, we provided evidence that participants with more practice in a particular domain were less likely to experience IB than were participants with hardly any practice in this domain.…”

“…All the participants were told that they had to make a tactical decision that would most likely lead to a goal for their team and that identifying the position of the white defensive player might help them make their decision. The rationale for choosing a functional sport-specific attention-demanding task was to improve the ecological validity of the IB paradigm, since IB has been shown to be a very robust finding in the laboratory but only a few studies have investigated it in ecologically valid settings (for exceptions, see Haines, 1991;Most & Astur, 2007;Strayer et al, 2003), and thereby emphasize the practical relevance of IB in the field of team ball games. The position of the direct opponent in basketball can have a major impact on the tacticaldecision-making process; for example, if the defensive player is far away, a jump shot might be a good tactical decision, whereas cutting to the hoop might be a good decision if the direct opponent is close.…”

“…The attention-demanding task was to name the position of their direct opponent while having to make a tactical decision that would most likely result in a goal (performance task). This is the standard procedure in realworld IB tasks such as that in Haines (1991), in which experienced pilots had to land a plane (performance task) while monitoring a heads-up display (attentiondemanding task). Other examples of real-world IB tasks have come from the area of driving (Most & Astur, 2007;Strayer, Drews, & Johnston, 2003).…”

Picture Changes During Blinks: Looking Without Seeing and Seeing Without Looking

“…Neisser (1976) interpreted this as evidence that the encoding of visual events involves actively making sense of them: This has the consequence that only those parts of a scene which are being integrated or constructed into a sequence will be noticed. A similar, striking, demonstration was given by Haines (1991), who showed that air pilots landing an aircraft in a flight simulator can be totally oblivious of the presence of a perfectly visible aircraft parked in the middle of the runway. Presumably such an occurrence is essentially inconceivable in a real situation and cannot be integrated into the pilots' momentary conceptual framework.…”

What attracts attention during police pursuit driving?

“…A striking example of the relevance of the inattentional blindness phenomena to a related applied context was observed in a study by Haines (1991). In a flight simulator study using a head-up display, two out of eight professional pilots landed their plane by flying through an unexpected aircraft that was stationary on the runway.…”