“…While the content of these messages is important, the manner in which they are framed and delivered may have an equal or even greater impact on followers, whether by design or by accident (Awamleh & Gardner, 1999). Studies of leader rhetoric generally have focused on aspects of message content such as imagery (Naidoo & Lord, 2008), metaphor (Mio, Riggio, Levin, & Reese, 2005), vision (Berson, Shamir, Avolio, & Popper, 2001), and values (Carton, Murphy, & Clark, 2015). However, there is little rigorous research on leader communication in general (van Knippenberg & Stam, 2014), and on the specific question of how leader message framing (e.g., issues framed as opportunities versus threats) may impact follower creativity and other outcomes.…”