Role of Accumulated Calcium in Alleviating Aluminum Injury in Wheat Plants

Abstract

Aluminum (Al) sensitive wheat cultivar kalyansona was grown for 14 d in a range of Ca solution (125, 625, and 2500 μM) plus other nutrients without Al. At 14 d after Ca treatment, half of these plants were harvested (H1), and the rest of the plants were exposed to 100 μM Al for additional 6 d and harvested (H2). Severe Al injury was found only in the plants with the lowest supply of Ca before Al treatment. Aluminum concentration in the apoplastic fluid was very high at 125 μM Ca probably because the plasma membrane of some of the cells was destroyed due to the attack of 100 μM Al. Aluminum content in roots decreased with increasing supply of Ca before Al treatment. Calcium content decreased drastically at harvest (H2) in the plants with 100 μM Al. Under Al stress conditions, the plant responded to Al in different ways due to not only the different Ca supply but also the variation of Ca content in the plant tissues. Actually, the plants having the largest Ca content in the roots before Al treatment can receive less Al injury during Al treatment. To substantiate this idea, a companion study was conducted to investigate the effects of 2500 μM Ca supply during, before, and after 100 μM Al treatment on root growth. The results indicated clearly that exogenous Ca supply before Al treatment is able to alleviate Al injury but less effective than Ca supply during Al treatment.

Importance of Mineral Nutrition for Mitigating Aluminum Toxicity in Plants on Acidic Soils: Current Status and Opportunities

“…Application of these Ca-amendments greatly influences the effectiveness of Ca for mitigating Al toxicity. Moreover, the application of Cd before Al stress is more effective to mitigate Al-induced damage than that of Cd supplementation during Al treatment [ 122 ]. In the following sections, we discuss the beneficial effects of several Ca-amendments such as lime (e.g., calcite, dolomite), phosphogypsusm (PG), and gypsum (G) with various application doses on different crop plants to acid soils.…”

Physiochemical Characterization of Fluoride (F) Contaminated Soil and its Microbe-Assisted Bioremediation by Prosopis juliflora

“…Different kinds of nutrients were involved including calcium, zinc, magnesium, phosphorus, potassium, iron and cooper [35]. Heavy metals such as Cu, Zn, Al, Cd, Ni, Hg and As has negative effects on macronutrient and micronutrients [9]. Heavy metals bind to all calcium binding sites on the cell surface at low pH (4.5).…”

“…Aluminium ions interfere with the action of guanosine 5' triphosphate (GTP) binding protein as well as the inhibit calcium ion uptake by binding verapamil-specific channel [38]. The uptake of calcium ions was decreased in beech plants due to the combination of nitrogen and aluminium at high concentration [9]. Under aluminum treatment the concentration of calcium is unaffected in shoots because aluminium enters the plant cells through calcium channel [39].…”

“…A state named Rajasthan in India, having arid to semi-arid environment, is severely affected from high F concentration. In India, about 20% of F concentration were found in the household water supply; out of these 10% was found in Rajasthan [9]. According to Saini et al total F content in soil was higher level than normal ones Krashi Vigyan Kendra farm (127.56 µgg -1 ) and Banasthali (679.63 µgg -1 ) Rajasthan, India [10].…”

Cytotoxicity and anti-microbial analysis of silver and graphene oxide bio nanoparticles

“…Graphene is a carbon based flat monolayer arranged in a two dimensional hexagonal structure with distinguished mechanical, electrochemical and physical properties [5]. Andrographis paniculata is known for its potent antiinflammatory formulations [6]. Ocimum sanctum Linn.…”