FOI UM PÁSSARO, FOI UM AVIÃO? Redistribuição no Brasil no século XXI

Not only Financialization: Recent Trends in Brazilian Social Policies

“…In contrast to the view that the majority of jobs created during this period were low‐skilled and low‐paid due to their being in the service sector, recent studies indicate that between 2004 and 2014 this sector was home to ‘the highest average incomes, the highest concentration of more educated workers and the greatest absolute and relative representation of women’ (Kerstenetzky, : 22). Also during this period, there was a significant reduction in domestic employment, which in Brazil has historically been widespread, female and precarious (Kerstenetzky and Machado, ).…”

“…Along the same lines, based on analysis of several indicators of redistribution for the period 2004–14, Célia Kerstenetzky (: 16) argues that the redistributive experiment was important, both in terms of the reduction of the Gini index measuring inequality, and in terms of a significant reduction of absolute poverty, and was not limited to ‘social safety nets’ (although, like Lavinas, she bemoans the low level of investment in universal social services and avoidance of the tax issue). In this sense, there was a meaningful redistributive effort in terms of both degree and sustainability, although it was clearly still insufficient considering the extent of accumulated and persistent inequalities and the limitations of the strategies adopted (Kerstenetzky, ).…”

“…‘The decade between 2003 and 2014 witnessed the largest historical reduction in absolute poverty in almost four decades in Brazil, since 1976. A fall of eighteen percentage points reduced the poor population to one‐tenth of the total population’ (Kerstenetzky, : 16).…”

O paradoxo constitucional brasileiro: direitos sociais sob tributação regressiva

“…Esse marco teria indicado caminhos para a consolidação de um estado do bem-estar social cujos princípios se aproximam de ideais universalistas. Tem sido menos notada, contudo, uma crítica inflexão: a partir de 1988, o sistema tributário brasileiro passou a assumir caráter crescentemente regressivo (Gobetti & Orair, 2016;Kerstenetzky, 2017). A Constituição teria impelido o Estado a assumir funções abrangentes na garantia de direitos sociais e novos patamares de gastos, sem explicitamente ampará-los em arrecadação progressiva.…”

“…Enquanto se aventa a hipótese de que a perda de progressividade pós-CF 1988 estaria a refletir uma mudança de convenção fiscal no mundo pós-anos 1980 (Gobetti & Orair, 2016), desse modo destacando a incidência de fatores exógenos, neste trabalho exploramos a hipótese alternativa de um acordo subjacente à Constituição (sugerida em Kerstenetzky, 2017), hipótese por assim dizer endógena, segundo a qual teriam sido amplamente acolhidas medidas favoráveis à expansão dos gastos sociais desde que seu financiamento não incidisse progressivamente sobre os mais ricos.…”