Application of capillary electrophoresis to the simultaneous determination and stability study of four extensively used penicillin derivatives

Abstract

The applicability of capillary electrophoresis for the analysis of four extensively used penicillin derivatives (benzylpenicillin, ampicillin, amoxicillin, oxacilllin) has been studied. Because of structural similarities, the electrophoretic behavior of these derivatives is very similar; consequently an efficient separation using the conventional capillary zone electrophoresis is hard to be achieved. Their simultaneous separation was solved by using micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography, the separation being based on the differential partition of the analytes between the micellar and aqueous phase. Using a buffer solution containing 25 mM sodium tetraborate and 100 mM sodium dodecyl sulfate as surfactant, at a pH of 9.3, applying a voltage of + 25 kV at a temperature of 25 °C, we achieved the simultaneous separation of the studied penicillin derivatives in less then 5 minutes. The separation conditions were optimized and the analytical performance of the method was evaluated in terms of precision, linearity, limit of detection, and quantification. Also, a simple capillary zone electrophoresis method was applied to study the stability of the studied penicillin derivatives in water at different temperatures, using ciprofloxacin hydrochloride as internal standard. It was observed that the extent of the hydrolysis of penicillins in water is highly dependent on the time and also temperature.Uniterms: Penicillin/derivatives/stability study. Capillary electrophoresis/drugs analysis.Estudou-se a aplicabilidade de electroforese capilar para a análise de quatro derivados de penicilina (benzilpenicilina, ampicilina, amoxicilina, oxacilina) amplamente utilizados. Em razão das semelhanças estruturais, o comportamento electroforético destes derivados é muito semelhante e, por conseguinte, a separação eficaz utilizando a electroforese capilar de zona convencional é difícil de ser efetuada. A separação simultânea foi realizada por cromatografia capilar electrocinética micelar, que se baseia na partição diferencial entre os analitos na fase micelar e aquosa. Utilizando-se solução tampão contendo 25 mM de tetraborato de sódio e 100 mM de dodecil sulfato de sódio, como agente tensioativo, com pH de 9,3, voltagem de +25 kV, à temperatura de 25 °C, obteve-se a separação simultânea das penicilinas estudadas em menos de 5 minutos. As condições de separação foram otimizadas e o desempenho do método analítico foi avaliado em termos de precisão, linearidade, limite de detecção e de quantificação. Além disso, aplicou-se método de electroforese capilar de zona simples para estudar a estabilidade de penicilinas em água a diferentes temperaturas, utilizando cloridrato de ciprofloxacino como padrão interno. Estabeleceu-se que o grau de hidrólise de penicilinas em água é altamente dependente do tempo e também da temperatura.Unitermos: Penicilina/derivados/estudos da estabilidade. Electroforese capilar/ análise de fármacos.

Development and validation of a rapid HPLC method for multiresidue determination of erythromycin, clarithromycin, and azithromycin in aquaculture fish muscles

“…Generally, the determination of antibiotics, including macrolide antibiotics, is mainly carried out by microbiological assays [9]. A number of analytical techniques such as capillary electrophoresis [10], various electrochemical detections, near infrared (NIR), and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry are available for macrolide residues determination [11]. They have been applied for the determination and qualitative analysis of macrolide's compounds in raw materials, dosage forms, and biological samples.…”

Characteristics, Properties and Analytical Methods of Amoxicillin: A Review with Green Approach

“…Some papers describe the use of pH-correcting agents, such as formic acid, phosphoric acid and trifluoroacetic acid. On the other hand, environmentally friendly analytical methods have been identified, such as capillary electrophoresis (Santos et al, 2007;Simon et al, 2014), spectroscopy by diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform (Parisotto et al, 2007) and U-HPLC (Li et al, 2012;Carlier et al, 2012;Carzola et al, 2014;Uddin et al, 2015;Liu et al, 2016). Furthermore, Li et al (2008) describe a green HPLC method for determination of amoxicillin in capsules using ethanol as organic phase of the mobile phase, and this solvent is less harmful to operator's health and the environment.…”

Optimized and Validated Spectrophotometric Method for the Determination of Ampicillin in Pharmaceutical Formulations

“…Ampicillin is available in tablets, capsules, powder for oral suspension and injection as commercial usage since 1961 [1]. The extensive literature survey revealed that several analytical techniques, likely as high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) [2,3], capillary electrophoresis (CE) [4,5], Fouriertransform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) [6] were available for the determination in bulk and pharmaceutical formulations. It can be quantified with liquid chromatography-mass spectrophotometry (LCMS) [7] and ultra-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrophotometry (UPLC-MS) [8] in biological fluids.…”