Apoptosis and survivability of human dental pulp cells under exposure to Bis-GMA

Abstract

ObjectiveIn the present study, we examined whether 2, 2-bis [4-(2-hydroxy-3methacryloxypropoxy) phenyl] propane (Bis-GMA) has effects on LSC2 cells, human dental pulp cell line.Material and MethodsThe viability, cell cycle, and morphology of LSC2 cells were analyzed after exposure to several different concentrations of Bis-GMA. The recovery of viability of Bis-GMA exposed cells was also analyzed in the condition without Bis-GMA. Further, penetration of Bis-GMA to dentin disc was examined using isocratic high-performance liquid chromatography.ResultsThere was a concentration-dependent decrease in cell proliferation and an increase in cell number in the sub-G1 population after exposure to Bis-GMA. Furthermore, the cells showed typical characteristics of apoptotic cells after the exposure to high concentration of Bis-GMA. In contrast, cells exposed to lower concentrations of Bis-GMA recovered their viability after being cultured without Bis-GMA. We also found that Bis-GMA is capable of penetrating 1-mm-thick dentin discs, though the penetrated concentration was lower than that showing cytotoxicity.ConclusionThese results suggest that Bis-GMA has cytotoxic effects, though dental pulp exposed to lower concentrations is able to recover their viability when Bis-GMA is removed.

N-acetyl cysteine protects human oral keratinocytes from Bis-GMA-induced apoptosis and cell cycle arrest by inhibiting reactive oxygen species-mediated mitochondrial dysfunction and the PI3K/Akt pathway

“…Besides, the intracellular ability to detoxify monomers such as expression of carboxylesterase might be included . Our study also showed that 0.25 mM Bis-GMA caused a slight but statistically significant inhibition of cell proliferation and an obvious cell decrease was only observed at 0.5 mM Bis-GMA, suggesting that the threshold toxic concentration in HOK cells was a little higher than that in other cell lines (Engelmann et al, 2004, Imazato et al, 2009, Chang et al, 2010b, Yano et al, 2011. Previous investigations (Geurtsen et al, 1998) showed that the resistance against resin monomers depend on the cells used for testing.…”

“…Bis-GMA has been reported to cause cytotoxicity in several types of cells (Engelmann et al, 2004, Chang et al, 2009, Chang et al, 2010b, Yano et al, 2011. Here, concentrations up to 0.1 mM Bis-GMA did not reduce cell viability in HOKs.…”

Optimum pressure for the high-pressure polymerization of urethane dimethacrylate

“…Due to concerns related to the toxicity of bis-phenol A (BPA) [17,18] and other advantages of UDMA over Bis-GMA, such as its smaller molecular weight (and consequently a higher concentration of double bonds per weight) and lower viscosity (due to the presence of the flexible urethane linkage and absence of aromatic groups, which may improve toughness of the polymer/composite [19,20]), we decided to use the UDMA monomer in this study. For the determination of DC, several analytical methods have been used: differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), which provides a measure of methacrylate conversion based on the enthalpy of the exothermic polymerization process [21][22][23]; hardness test [24]; optical microscopy [25]; vibrational methods, such as Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy [26][27][28], near infrared spectroscopy [15,29] and Raman spectroscopy [30].…”

Biocompatibility of Orthodontic Resins: <i>In vitro</i> Evaluation of Monomer Leaching and Cytotoxic Effects

“…Several in vitro studies demonstrated that Bis-GMA and TEGDMA caused a dose-dependent mutagenic effect inducing formation of micronuclei, cell cycle delay and apoptosis (Schweikl et al, 1998;Heil et al, 1996;Yano et al, 2011) and may influence specific cell responses of the innate immune system (Eckhardt et al, 2009a;2009b). Moreover TEGDMA, as well as Bis-GMA, is reported to affect GSH concentration (Spagnuolo et al, 2013), a natural radical scavenger, which protects cell structures from damage caused by oxidative stress (Schweikl et al, 2006).…”

“…Moreover, Bis-GMA resulted positive in the DNA synthesis inhibition test (Yano et al, 2011) and direct exposure to high concentrations induced apoptosis (Franz et al, 2003).…”