Variação sazonal na ingestão alimentar de adultos de Niterói, Rio de Janeiro

Abstract

The measurement of usual food intake (FI) is necessary to accurately establish the relationship between diet and disease. In most studies data are collected at one particular time of the year, which may influence the interpretation of the results. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of seasonality on FI in a sample of adults from Niterói, RJ, Brazil. A total of 102 healthy subjects (69 women) aged between 20 and 69 years were interviewed to obtain six 24-hour dietary recalls, three in summer and three in winter. In both seasons, the intake of energy (EI) and 23 nutrients was determined and the percent of subjects who met the recommendations for the nutrients were computed. The data of FI were deattenuated considering the within-person variability and adjusted for energy. The intake of energy and some nutrients were significantly different between men and women. EI did not differ between seasons, for both sexes, but the intake of macro and micronutrients was different. The results of this study suggest that the seasonality in the measurement of FI should be considered in order to improve the methods and instruments used in population dietary surveys. ResumoA aferição da ingestão alimentar (IA) usual é necessária para estabelecer, com acurácia, a relação entre a dieta e o aparecimento de doenças. Na maioria dos estudos, os dados de IA usual são coletados referentes ao período de um ano, sem considerar a estação do ano em que o estudo ocorre. O objetivo do presente estudo foi verificar o efeito da sazonalidade na IA de adultos de Niterói, RJ. Um total de 102 sujeitos (69 mulheres) saudáveis, com idade entre 20 e 69 anos, responderam a seis recordatórios dietéticos de 24 horas, três no verão e três no inverno. Em ambas as estações do ano, foi determinada a ingestão energética (IE) e de 23 nutrientes, além do percentual de indivíduos que alcançavam as recomendações dos mesmos. Os dados finais foram deatenuados pela variabilidade intraindividual e ajustados pela energia. A IE e de alguns nutrientes foram significativamente diferentes entre os homens e as mulheres. A IE não se diferenciou entre as estações, para ambos os sexos, porém a ingestão de proteínas, fibras, magnésio, tiamina, piridoxina e niacina foi diferente entre as estações para ambos os sexos. Os resultados do presente estudo sugerem que a sazonalidade seja considerada na aferição da IA, servindo de base para a adequação dos métodos e instrumentos utilizados nos inquéritos dietéticos populacionais. Palavras-chave:Epidemiologia nutricional. Dieta. Inquéritos sobre dietas. Consumo de alimentos. Estações do ano. Recomendações nutricionais.

Dietary Intake Patterns Are Consistent Across Seasons in a Cohort of Healthy Adults in a Metropolitan Population

“…2, 3, 5–7, 9, 10, 19, 20, 24 In contrast to our results, some studies found differences in energy, carbohydrate, and protein intake across seasons. 2–4, 6, 8, 11, 20 In a study by Ma et al, 20 which is perhaps the study with the most similar population to the current study, differences in daily caloric intake by season were reported.…”

“…Although most studies have looked at differences across all four seasons, 2, 3, 6–8, 10–13, 17, 18, 20, 21, 24 a few have only analyzed differences between summer and winter. 4, 5, 9, 19 The nutrients analyzed, the division and definition of food groups and seasons, and adjustment for confounding factors are also inconsistent across studies. Research performed internationally regarding the impact of season on dietary intake in metropolitan populations shows conflicting results.…”

“…However, their study collected 24 hour recalls and the mean age of the study participants (47.6 years) was higher than in our study participants. 20 Other studies that reported differences in energy and macronutrient intake also used different dietary assessment instruments such as 24-hour recalls 5, 8 or FFQs, 6, 11 or different study populations. 2, 4, 6 This could partially explain the difference between their results and those obtained in this study.…”

“…2, 4, 6, 8 Additionally, while a lack of seasonal differences in vitamin 6, 8 and mineral 6–8, 10–16 intakes has been shown, some reports have noted equivocal seasonal changes in select micronutrients. For instance, a few studies identify summer as the season with the highest intake of vitamin C, vitamin A, vitamin D, thiamin, and vitamin B6, 4, 5, 7, 11 but contrastingly, others have demonstrated lowest intakes of vitamin C and vitamin A in summer. 4, 10, 17 Furthermore, sodium, zinc, and magnesium intakes have been noted to increase in the winter compared to the summer, 9 however others have reported that intake of these minerals was highest in the spring.…”

Consumo alimentar de vitamina a por gestantes no Brasil: uma revisão sistemática

“…Destaca-se que, entre os artigos que buscaram avaliar o consumo de vitamina A por gestantes brasileiras, no que se refere ao delineamento metodológico, a maioria (sete) dos estudos utilizou desenho transversal, porém, com período de coleta de dados muito extenso, superando três meses em cinco artigos. Se considerarmos o efeito da sazonalidade na disponibilidade de alimentos fontes de vitamina A no Brasil, o aspecto do curto período de coleta de informação sobre consumo alimentar ganha uma importância ainda maior, uma vez que a disponibilidade de alimentos pode se modificar consideravelmente nas diferentes estações do ano (27) . Ao contrário da maioria dos estudos, somente um (25) realizou um estudo de caráter retrospectivo.…”