“…Although some active ingredients present low toxicity, these results are far from conclusive, with high variability in their effects, which can be related to the commercial formulations used and the earthworm species tested. Additionally, the accumulation of pesticide residues and their degradation in soils have been poorly studied in Brazil (Laabs et al, 2002; Scorza‐Júnior & Franco, 2014), particularly in NT fields. A classic example of contrasting results is that of glyphosate, which has been shown to be toxic to earthworms in some commercial formulations (Domínguez et al, 2016; Piola et al, 2013), whereas the pure active ingredient may not have any effects (Buch et al, 2013; Dalby, Baker, & Smith, 1995; Santos, Ferreira, Cachada, Duarte, & Sousa, 2012; Zhou et al, 2013).…”