Leaching to ground water and tile drains are important parts of the environmental assessment of pesticides. The aims of the present study were to (i) assess the significance of preferential flow for pesticide leaching under realistic worst-case conditions for Dutch agriculture (soil profile with thick clay layer and high rainfall) and (ii) collect a high-quality data set that is suitable for testing pesticide leaching models. The movement of water, bromide, and the pesticides bentazon [3-isopropyl-1H-2, 1,3-benzothiadiazine-4(3H)-one-2,2-dioxide] and imidacloprid [1-[(6-chloro-3-pyridinyl)-methyl]-N-nitro-2-imidazolidinimine] was monitored in a clay soil for about 1 yr. The 1.2-ha field was located in the central part of the Netherlands (51 degrees 53' N, 5 degrees 43' E). The soil was a Eutric Fluvisol cropped with winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Tile drains were present at a 0.8- to 0.9-m depth and the ground water level fluctuated between a 0.5- and 2-m depth. All chemicals were applied in spring. None of the soil concentration profiles showed bimodal concentration distributions. However, for each substance the highest concentration in drain water was found in the first drainage event after its application, which indicates preferential flow. This preferential flow is probably caused by permanent macropores that were present in the 0.3- to 1.0-m layer. At the time of the first drainage event, the drain water concentration of each substance was about an order of magnitude higher than its ground water concentration. Thus, the flux concentrations in drain water proved to be a more sensitive detector of preferential flow than the resident concentrations in the soil profile and the ground water.
Testing of pesticide leaching models is important to increase confidence in their use in pesticide registration procedures world-wide. The chromatographic PEARL model was tested against the results of a field leaching study on a cracking clay soil with a tracer (bromide), a mobile pesticide (bentazone) and a moderately sorbing, persistent pesticide (imidacloprid). Input parameters for water flow and solute transport were obtained from site-specific measurements and from literature. The model was tested using a stepwise approach in which each sub-model was sequentially and separately tested. Uncalibrated simulations for the water flow resulted in moisture profiles that were too wet. Calibration of the hydraulic relationships resulted in a good description of the moisture profiles. Calibration of the dispersion length was necessary to obtain a good description of bromide leaching. The calibrated dispersion length was 61 cm, which is very long and indicates a large non-uniformity of solute transport. The half-life of bentazone had to be calibrated to obtain a good description of its field persistence. The calibrated half-life was 2.5 times shorter than the half-life derived from the laboratory studies. Concentrations of bentazone in drain water and groundwater were described reasonably well by PEARL. Although measured and simulated persistence of imidacloprid in soil corresponded well, the bulk of the imidacloprid movement was overestimated by PEARL. However, imidacloprid concentrations in drain water were underestimated. In spite of the extensive calibration of water flow and tracer movement, the behaviour of the moderately sorbing pesticide imidacloprid could not be simulated. This indicates that the convection-dispersion equation cannot be used for accurate simulation of pesticide transport in cracking clay soils (even if extremely long dispersion length is used). Comparison of the model results from a poorly sorbed chemical (bentazone) and a moderately sorbed chemical (imidacloprid) were useful in defining the limitations of using a chromatographic flow model to simulate the effects of preferential flow.
RESUMORealizou-se este trabalho com o objetivo de avaliar a degradação do herbicida sulfentrazone em dois solos (Latossolo Vermelho Distroférrico típico e Neossolo Quartzarênico Órtico típico) utilizados na cultura da cana-de-açúcar, em Mato Grosso do Sul, e avaliar também a influência da temperatura, umidade e profundidade na taxa de degradação. Os experimentos de degradação foram realizados utilizando-se solos incubados em diferentes condições de umidade (50 e 80% da capacidade de campo -CC), temperatura (30 e 40 ºC) e profundidade (0-30 e 50-70 cm). Os resultados das concentrações remanescentes do sulfentrazone no solo foram, em função do tempo, ajustados aos modelos de cinética de primeira ordem (SFO) e ao de cinética de primeira ordem para multicompartimentos (FOMC). O sulfentrazone foi menos persistente em condições de maior umidade (80% da CC), temperatura mais elevada (40 ºC) e em horizontes superficiais do solo (0-30 cm). A degradação do sulfentrazone para a maioria das condições estudadas foi melhor descrita pelo modelo FOMC. Os valores de meia-vida para o sulfentrazone nas diferentes condições de umidade, temperatura e profundidades avaliadas, variaram de 34 a 116 dias. Palavras-chave: meia-vida, persistência, cana-de-açúcar, agrotóxicosDegradation of sulfentrazone herbicide in two soils of Mato Grosso do Sul State ABSTRACT This study had the aim to evaluate sulfentrazone degradation in two soils (distroferric red Latossol and orthic quartzarenic Neosol) used for sugarcane production in Mato Grosso do Sul State and also to evaluate the influence of temperature, moisture and soil depth in the sulfentrazone degradation rates. Experiments were carried out using incubated soils at different soil moistures (50 and 80% field capacity -FC), temperatures (30 and 40 °C) and depths (0-30 and 50-70 cm). Remaining sulfentrazone concentrations in soil as a function of time were adjusted to single first-order kinetics model (SFO) and also to the first-order multi-compartment kinetic model (FOMC). Sulfentrazone was less persistent in conditions of high soil moisture (80% FC), high temperature (40 °C) and in the topsoil (0-30 cm depth). Sulfentrazone degradation was best described by FOMC model. Half-life values of sulfentrazone evaluated at different conditions of moisture, temperature and soil depths ranged from 34 to 116 days.
ABSTRACT:For an accurate use of pesticide leaching models it is necessary to assess the sensitivity of input parameters. The aim of this work was to carry out sensitivity analysis of the pesticide leaching model PEARL for contrasting soil types of Dourados river watershed in the state of Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil. Sensitivity analysis was done by carrying out many simulations with different input parameters and calculating their influence on the output values. The approach used was called one-at-a-time sensitivity analysis, which consists in varying independently input parameters one at a time and keeping all others constant with the standard scenario. Sensitivity analysis was automated using SESAN tool that was linked to the PEARL model. Results have shown that only soil characteristics influenced the simulated water flux resulting in none variation of this variable for scenarios with different pesticides and same soil. All input parameters that showed the greatest sensitivity with regard to leached pesticide are related to soil and pesticide properties. Sensitivity of all input parameters was scenario dependent, confirming the need of using more than one standard scenario for sensitivity analysis of pesticide leaching models. KEYWORDS
Some common organochlorine, organophosphorus and pyrethroid insecticides were analysed in agricultural soil samples (n = 35) and surface water and groundwater samples (n = 25) collected from coastal areas of vegetable production in Togo. Analytical methods included solvent extraction of the insecticide residues and their subsequent quantification using GC-ECD. δ-HCH, heptachlor epoxide, 4,4-DDE, endosulphan (α, β and sulphate), lambda-cyalothrin and chlorpyrifos were found in the soil samples with concentrations that varied from non-detectable (ND) to 26.93 μg kg(-1) dry weight. For water samples, heptachlor epoxide, 2,4-DDD, 4,4-DDD, 4,4-DDE and endosulphan (α, β, and sulphate) were found at contamination levels that varied from ND to 0.116 μg L(-1). The concentration of insecticide residues detected in the water samples was below the limits set by the World Health Organization (WHO) and also by the European Union (EU), with the exception of the concentration of endosulphan sulphate at the Aného site, which was 0.116 μg L(-1).
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